Transcript Women`s Suffrage

The Progressive Era
America Seeks Reforms in the
Early 20th Century
■Essential Question:
–How did problems in the Gilded
Age contribute to “progressive”
reforms in the early 20th century?
■Warm-Up Question:
–Use your notes & knowledge of
U.S. history to create a list of
problems that were created in
the Gilded Age (1870-1900)
–Consider: Cities, Government,
the West & South, Business
Urban Reform During the
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
■From 1890 to 1920, reformers tried
to clean up problems (“progress”)
created during the Gilded Age:
–Cities were plagued by slums,
crime, disease, tenements
–City, state, & national gov’ts
were seen as corrupt &
unresponsive to the needs of
Americans
–Corporate monopolies limited
Urban Progressive Reformers
■ Urban reformers tried to improve the lives
of poor workers & children
– YMCA created libraries & gyms for
young men & children
– The Salvation Army
created soup kitchens
& nurseries
– Florence Kelley fought
to create child labor
laws & laws limiting
work hours for women
Muckrakers
■ In addition to the Social Gospel, progressive
reformers were aided by a new, investigative
journalism:
– Muckrakers were journalists who exposed
problems like poverty,
corruption,
monopolization
Michael Moore
(“Investigate, Educate, Legislate”)
What did Jacob Riis’
How the Other Half Lives (1890) expose?
Jacob Riis’ How
the Other Half
Lives (1890)
exposed urban
poverty & life in
What did Ida Tarbell’s
The History of Standard Oil (1904) expose?
Ida Tarbell’s The
History of Standard
Oil (1904) revealed
Rockefeller’s
ruthless business
practices & called
for the break-up of
large monopolies
What did Upton Sinclair’s
The Jungle (1906) expose?
Upton Sinclair’s
The Jungle (1906)
revealed the
unsanitary
conditions of
slaughterhouses
& led to gov’t
regulation of
food industries
Conclusions
■ The Progressive movement began as an
attempt to fix urban problems
– Reformers lacked unity & were
dedicated to their own causes
– But their efforts led to a shift: gov’t
began to take responsibility for citizens
& intervene in their lives
– Unlike the Populists, these reform efforts
led to real change
■ Essential Question:
–How did Progressive reformers
attempt to improve the lives of
women & African-Americans?
■ Warm-Up Question:
–What was the “Social Gospel”?
–What was a “muckraker”?
–Who was the more important
reformer: Florence Kelley, Jane
Addams, Carrie Nation (WCTU)?
The Women’s Movement
■ In the Gilded Age, women had more
opportunities beyond marriage:
– New urban jobs
as secretaries,
store clerks, &
telephone
operators gave
a sense of
independence
– More girls graduated from high school &
attended universities
The Women’s Movement
■Women played an important role
as Progressive reformers:
–Jane Addams led the settlement
house movement
–Muckraker Ida Tarbell exposed
monopoly abuses of Standard Oil
–Florence Kelley helped bring
about child & women labor laws
–Carrie Nation & Frances Willard
helped push for prohibition
The Women’s Movement
■ Women reformers began to call attention to
their own lack of rights:
– In most states, married women could not
Quick
Class
Discussion:
divorce
or own
property
– Women could not vote, but AfricanIn whatimmigrant,
ways were
womenmen
American,
& illiterate
discriminated
against or deprived
could
–of
Women
workers
weregiven
paid as
less
than
the same
rights
men?
men for doing the same jobs
– Middle & upper class women were
expected to serve domestic & child
rearing roles in the home
Reform for Women
■Women reformers gained laws that
banned prostitution & limited
work hours for women to 10 hours
■Margaret Sanger promoted birth
control for women:
–Her journals provided
contraceptive information for
poor & middle-class women
–Sanger opened the 1st birth
control clinic in the U.S. in 1915
Women’s Suffrage
■ The most significant reform for women
was voting rights (suffrage)
–Women demanded suffrage since
Seneca Falls in 1848
–Were frustrated in 1870 when the
15th Amendment gave AfricanAmerican men the right to vote but
not women
–In 1890, the National American
Women Suffrage Association
(NAWSA) was formed
The Seneca Falls Declaration (1848)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
■ The Seneca Falls
Declaration of 1848
outlined the women's rights
movement of the mid-19th
century.
■ “…We hold these truths to
be self-evident: that all men
and women are created
equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator
with certain inalienable
rights; that among these
are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness; that to
secure these rights
governments are instituted,
deriving their just powers
from the consent of the
governed. “
Susan B. Anthony: In Favor of
Women's Suffrage (1872)
• In this speech, given following her arrest for
attempting to vote in the 1872 election, Anthony
argues that respect for America's fundamental
principles requires that women be allowed to vote.
• “In thus voting, I not only committed no crime,
but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's right,
guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by
the National Constitution, beyond the power of
any State to deny.”
• “It was we, the people, not we, the white male
citizens, nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the
whole people, who formed this Union. And we
formed it, not to give the blessings or liberty, but
to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the
half of our posterity, but to the whole peoplewomen as well as men.”
1900 -- 10 million bikes
on the road
The bicycle was a new
invention that took the
nation by storm
– every manufacturer had
a ‘ladies model.’
Of course, long dresses and
bustles did not lend
themselves to riding bikes
–women went to more
comfortable, useful
clothing
–Even Susan B. Anthony
was a convert “Bicycling
did more to emancipate
women than anything in
the world.”
Anti-Suffrage Pamphlet (c.1918)
•
“Housewives!
– You do not need a ballot to clean out your
sink spout. A handful of potash and some
boiling water is quicker and cheaper…
– Why vote for pure food laws, when your
husband does that, while you can purify
your Ice-box with chlorine and limewater?”
•
“Vote NO on Woman Suffrage
– BECAUSE 90% of the women either do
not want it, or do not care.
– BECAUSE it means competition of
women with men instead of co-operation.
– BECAUSE 80% of the women eligible to
vote are married and can only double or
annul their husband’s votes…
– BECAUSE in some States more voting
women than voting men will place the
Government under petticoat rule.
– BECAUSE it is unwise to risk the good
we already have for the evil which may
occur. “
Suffragettes
Women’s Suffrage
■ NAWSA leaders Susan B. Anthony
& Carrie Chapman Catt pressured
states to let women vote & called for
a national suffrage amendment
–By the early 1900s, most western
states allowed women to vote
–Finally in 1920, the states ratified
the 19th Amendment giving women
to right to vote
19th Amendment:
The right of the citizens
of the United States to
Women’s
vote shall not be denied
or abridgedSuffrage
by the
United States or
by any
Before
State on account1900
of sex.
Reform for African-Americans
Plessy
v
Ferguson
(1896):
■ By 1900, African-Americans were in
Segregation does not violate the
need
of
progressive
reform
th
14 amendment & can be used as
–80%
lived infacilities
rural areas
in the
long asofseparate
are equal
South,
most asbut
sharecroppers
(“separate
equal”)
–Poll taxes
literacy
tests limited
Quick&Class
Discussion:
voting rights
InAfrican-American
what ways were African-Americans
–Lynching
& violence
common
discriminated
against orwere
deprived
of
–Plessy
v. Ferguson
allowed
the same
rights given(1896)
as whites?
Jim Crow laws to segregate in
restaurants, hotels, schools
African-American Reforms
■ However, African-American
leaders were divided on how
to address racial problems
–The
Booker
Washington
was
wisestT.among
my race understand that
Harvard
educated,
the
agitation
of questions of social equality is
the
extremist
folly, and thaturban
progress
in the&
studied
African-American
culture,
enjoyment
all the privileges
that will
come to
was 1st of
president
of Tuskegee
University
us must be the result of severe and constant
–His
“Atlanta
Compromise”
stressed
struggle
rather
than of artificial
forcing.
African-American self-improvement
&
—Booker T. Washington
accommodation with whites
African-American Reforms
■We
W.E.B.
was every single right
claimDuBois
for ourselves
that
belongs
to a free American, political,
more
aggressive
civil and social, and until we get these
■rights
DuBois
led
the
Niagara
we will never cease to protest and
Movement
assail in
the1905
ears of America
calling for immediate —W.E.B. DuBois
civil rights, integrated
schools, & promotion
of the “Talented 10th” to be the next
generation of African-American civil
rights leaders
The NAACP
■ In 1909, reformers formed the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) to fight for African-American
equality
–DuBios was put in charge of The
Crisis publication to call attention to
the cause
–The NAACP used lawsuits to fight
segregation laws & voting
restrictions
Reforms for African-Americans
■Unlike women, African-Americans
did not see significant changes:
–African-American reformers
failed to convince state or
national politicians to offer
equality
–By the end of the Progressive
Era, segregation & lynching
were common throughout the
■The End
Closure Activity
■Examine excerpts of speeches
by Washington & DuBois
–What is the main idea of each?
–In one sentence, summarize the
approach of Washington &
DuBois regarding civil rights
–Whose approach was more
appropriate for the early 20th
century? Why?