Transcript Chapter 30, Section 3 PPT

Chapter 30, Section 3:
The Spread of
Regional Conflict
Main Idea: A series of
regional conflicts in the
Middle East eventually
spread to the United States.
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So what is the problem?
The land called ‘Israel’ is also a land called ‘Palestine’.
The local people of this land were Muslim Arabs, called Palestinians.
60 years ago it was under British protection (since WWI)
After WWII Jewish people were escaping from a shattered Europe. Many
owned nothing and had stepped straight out from Hitler’s death camps.
They sought refuge in the land of their ancestors- Judea. Judea (where
the word ‘Jew’ comes from) was also the name of the land known as
Palestine.
Jews migrated to Palestine (Judea) in large numbers. The British were
unable to stop them. The Jews pushed the Palestinians east and claimed
Palestine as their own territory by religious right. They were merely
coming home. They renamed it ‘Israel’.
The Palestinian Arabs fought back, however, to keep their property.
Against so many people however they were forced back. They turned to
their Muslim neighbors for help and assistance. This time the Israelis
were outnumbered.
The Israelis turned to anyone who might help them- and found the USA.
The two sides were now set up for war- and have been sparring ever
since. On one side is a well-equipped, modern, conventional Israeli
army. On the other side is a modern, not so well-equipped but
innovative, Muslim terrorist army ‘Hamas’. The fight claims military &
civilian deaths regularly on both sides.
•Israel is a small but developed country
on land east of the Mediterranean Sea.
•It has its own religion –Judaism- and is
a recently formed country-1948.
•It is surrounded by Muslim (Arabic)
countries on three sides-Egypt,
Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, and Syria.
•Has long history of war and bloodshed
A. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
 For years, friction between religious groups in the
Middle East has led to violence & bloodshed.
 US has conflicting interests there. While supporting
the Jewish state of Israel, we also have economic ties
(oil) to the Islamic Arab countries that dominate there.
Israelis & Arabs
 History: Jews came to Palestine in the late 1800s
hoping to create a new Jewish homeland. Their
settlement grew during the ’30s & ’40s as Jews fled
Europe (Nazis). After WWII, Jews in Palestine created
Israel & US & other nations quickly recognized it.
Neighboring Arab nations refused to recognize it &
attacked Israel many times over the following yrs to
get back their “occupied territories.”
 OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – slowed
production & shipments of oil to US in ‘70s due to US support of Israel
 Camp David Accords – Pres. Carter mediates peace treaty between
Egypt ( Anwar Sadat) & Israel (Menachem Begin) in 1979
The Palestinian Issue
 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
– led by Yasir Arafat, goal was to
reclaim Palestine for Arabs & destroy
Israel (Intifada – unrest to protest Israeli
rule in Palestine)
 1993 – US persuades Israel & PLO to
sign pact. PLO will recognize Israel’s
existence & end violence. Israel will
allow for limited freedoms for
Palestinians in Gaza Strip & West Bank.
(Within 10 yrs, violence had resumed)
 US continues to help the two sides work
toward a lasting peace agreement, but
militant groups on both sides continue to
undermine the peace process &
unrest/violence remains in the region.
B. Conflict With
Iran & Iraq
Iran Hostage Crisis
 In 1953, the US helped overthrow the
elected government of Iran and return the
Shah back to power.
 In 1979, a revolution forced the
unpopular Shah to flee & the Ayatolla
Khomeini took control.
 The Ayatolla was very anti-American &
he wanted to move Iran away from
Western ideas & return to strict Islamic
traditions.
 In 11/79, President Carter allowed the
Shah to come to the US for medical
treatment. In response, Iranian
revolutionaries seized the American
embassy & took 53 Americans hostage
for 444 days (not released until Reagan
took office)
Changes in Iran:
· In 1979, a revolution occurred in Iran in which the Muslim
religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of
Iran and took control of the nation.
Left: The last
Shah of Iran,
Shah
Mohammed
Reza Pahlavi
and (right), his
successor,
Ayatollah
Rouhollah
Khomeini.
· In November of 1979 the American embassy in Tehran was
seized and 53 Americans were taken hostage.
News Footage (:31)
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad?
Iranian militants escort a blindfolded U.S. hostage to
the media.
A man holding a sign during a protest of the crisis in
Washington, D.C. in 1979. The sign reads "Deport all
Iranians" and "Get the hell out of my country" on its forefront,
and "Release all Americans now" on its back.
· The hostages were not released until January 1981, after the
inauguration of Ronald Reagan as President.
A group photograph of the former hostages in the hospital.
The 52 hostages were spending a few days in the hospital after
their release from Iran prior to their departure for the U.S.
The Persian Gulf War
 Saddam Hussein invaded oilrich Kuwait in 1990.
 The UN/US boycotted (trade)
Iraq, but Hussein refused to
leave Kuwait.
 Operation Desert Storm UN/US launched air attack,
followed by ground forces &
defeated Iraq in only 6 wks.
 UN continued its boycott of Iraq
in order to force Hussein to stop
chemical & biological weapons
programs, but he refused to
cooperate with UN weapons
inspectors
Persian Gulf War: World Rank: Wealth
· In 1990, Iraq invaded their
oil rich neighbor of Kuwait.
Kuwait – 9th
Iraq – 108th
· In 1991, the U.N. sent troops from 28 nations
to attack Iraq and force their troops out of
Kuwait. The entire war lasted only six weeks.
Persian Gulf War – Allied Nation Troop Levels
United States: 575,000
Saudi Arabia: 52,000
Turkey: 50,000
United Kingdom: 43,000
Egypt: 35,000
Syria: 16,000
France: 14,663
Kuwait: 7,000
Pakistan: 5,500
Canada: 4,500
Spain: 3,000
United Arab Emirates: 2,000
Morocco: 2,000
Bangladesh: 2,000
Qatar: 1000
Oman: 950
Italy: 800
Niger: 500
Bahrain: 200
Senegal: 200
Czechoslovakia: 200
Netherlands: 200
Honduras: 150
Kurdish No-Fly Zone
Shiite No-Fly Zone
Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses
A report on the human cost of Saddam’s policies by the Foreign &
Commonwealth Office (Great Britain, 2002)
The Treatment of Women
Najat Mohammed Haydar, an obstetrician in Baghdad, was beheaded in October 2000
apparently on suspicion of prostitution, according to Amnesty International. Even by
Iraqi standards her execution was an outrage. There was no evidence to support the
charge of prostitution and she was reportedly arrested before the introduction of the
policy to behead prostitutes. The real reason for her death was her criticism of
corruption in the Iraqi health service.
Persecution of the Kurds
• In 1983, approximately 8,000 Kurdish males aged 13 and upwards were arrested and
executed.
• In 1988, Iraqi government forces systematically razed Kurdish villages and killed
civilians. Amnesty International estimates that over 100,000 Kurds were killed or
disappeared during 1987-1988, in an operation known as the Anfal campaigns, to quell
Kurdish insurgency and activities. The campaign included the use of chemical weapons.
According to Human Rights Watch, a single attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja
killed up to 5,000 civilians and injured some 10,000 more.
Saddam Hussein’s Regime’s Methods of Torture
The following methods of torture have all been reported to international human rights
groups by the victims of torture or their families.
Eye gouging
Amnesty International reported the case of a Kurdish man in Baghdad who was executed in 1997. When his
family retrieved his body, the eyes had been gouged out and the empty eye sockets stuffed with paper.
Piercing of hands with electric drill
A common method of torture for political detainees. Amnesty International reported one victim who then had
acid poured into his open wounds.
Suspension from the ceiling
Victims are blindfolded, stripped and suspended for hours by their wrists, often with their hands tied behind
their backs. This causes dislocation of shoulders & tearing of muscles & ligaments.
Electric shock
Shocks are applied to various parts of the body, including the genitals, ears, tongue and fingers.
Other physical torture
Extinguishing cigarettes on various parts of the body, extraction of fingernails and toenails and beatings with
canes, whips, hose pipes and metal rods are common.
Mock executions
Victims are told that they are to be executed by firing squad and a mock execution is staged. Victims are
hooded and brought before a firing squad, who then fire blank rounds.
Acid baths
David Scheffer, US Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes, reported that photographic evidence showed that
Iraq had used acid baths during the invasion of Kuwait. Victims were hung by their wrists and gradually
lowered into the acid.
C.
Terrorism
&
the
United
States
 Terrorism – the deliberate use of violence to spread fear & to achieve
political goals (bombings, kidnappings, hijackings, etc.)
Americans and Terrorism
 Many radical Muslim groups in the Middle East have sponsored terrorist
activities around the globe in the last 40-50 years. US is often a target. Why?
 Upset about American foreign policies & US support of Israel.
 Saw American culture as immoral & offensive to their strict Islamic views.
 Not all Muslims are terrorists & not all terrorists are Muslim!
Attacks on the United States
 1988: American passenger plane explodes over Scotland
 1993: bomb damaged World trade Center
 1998-2000: 2 US embassies in Africa & US navy ship near Yemen bombed
 2001: September 11th - 3 American airliners are hijacked & crashed into the
World Trade Center Towers (they collapse) & the Pentagon in Wash, DC. A
4th plane is taken down by passengers in PA. It was believed to be headed to
the White House or the Capitol Building. This date will forever change
Americans perceptions on terrorism & their own safety.
The Human Cost
 More Americans died in this attack than in the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
War on Terrorism
 America declares a “War on Terrorism.” al-Quaida, a terrorist network led by
Osama bin Laden, & the Taliban, who protected bin Laden, become the
primary targets. (USA Patriot Act is passed to arrest suspected terrorists in US)
Previous al-Qaeda attacks on the United States
1993: World Trade Center; six dead, more than 1,000 wounded.
1996: U.S. military housing complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 19 servicemen killed,
372 wounded.
1998: U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; 224 killed, 5,000 hurt.
2000: USS Cole in Yemeni harbor of Aden; 17 sailors killed, 39 wounded.
Objective: To examine the circumstances surrounding,
and effects of, the attacks of September 11, 2001. (ppt. link)
September 11 Television Archive
· On September 11, 2001, the international terrorist group al-Qaeda, led
by Osama bin Laden, attacked the U.S. in New York City and
Washington, D.C.
9/11/01:
· With the use of
airliners, the World
Trade Center in New
York City was
destroyed, and the
Pentagon building in
Washington, D.C. was
severely damaged.
· Approximately 3,000
Americans lost their
lives in these attacks.
2nd Plane Hitting: Video 1 Video 2
South Tower Collapse: Video
North Tower Collapse: Video
The Pentagon Building, 9/11/01
Invasion of Afghanistan:
· In response to the
attacks of 9/11, the
U.S. invaded
Afghanistan, which
had been providing
shelter for Osama
bin Laden and alQaeda.
· We defeated the Afghan government, known as the Taliban, and we
continue to hunt the country for bin Laden and his supporters.
Interview with Osama bin laden, by ABC reporter John Miller
May 1998, Southern Afghanistan (2:20)
“The call to wage war against America was made because America has
spear-headed the crusade against the Islamic nation, sending tens of
thousands of its troops to the land of the two Holy Mosques over and
above its meddling in its affairs and its politics, and its support of the
oppressive, corrupt and tyrannical regime that is in control. These are the
reasons behind the singling out of America as a target. And not exempt of
responsibility are those Western regimes whose presence in the region
offers support to the American troops there. We know at least one reason
behind the symbolic participation of the Western forces and that is to
support the Jewish and Zionist plans for expansion of what is called the
Great Israel. Surely, their presence is not out of concern over their
interests in the region. ... Their presence has no meaning save one and
that is to offer support to the Jews in Palestine who are in need of their
Christian brothers to achieve full control over the Arab Peninsula which
they intend to make an important part of the so called Greater Israel. ...”
Asif Ali Zardari ,
President of Pakistan
Hamid Karzai,
President of Afghanistan
Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan (above)
while fighting the Soviets in the 1980’s
after the 9/11 attacks in 2001.
 America declares “War on
Terrorism.” al-Quaida, a terrorist
network led by Osama bin Laden, &
the Taliban, who was protecting bin
Laden, become the primary targets.
 US creates the Office of Homeland
Security to defend against future
terrorist attacks & Congress passes
the Patriot Act for surveillance of
suspected terrorists in the US (very
controversial – privacy rights?)
 President Bush’s campaign against
terrorism
 Diplomatic: asked other nations
to stand united against terrorism
 Economic: blocked the money
supplies of terrorist organizations
 Military: US attacked military sites
& terrorist training camps in
Afghanistan, destroyed al-Qaida,
the Taliban & Osama bin-Laden
Objective: To examine the causes and importance of our
military involvement in Afghanistan.
The Middle East
Jihad
1: a holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty
2: a crusade for a principle or belief
U.S. Troops in Afghanistan Mark 9/11 (1:40)
Taliban Training Video (2:41)
Taliban’s Treatment of Women (4:08)
Taliban Publically Whips
Teenage Girl in Pakistan
(2:18)
Pakistan v. Taliban
(2:44)
Afghan civilian deaths
help Taliban (3:31)
Ousting Saddam Hussein
 In his 2002 State of the Union
address, President Bush
referred to Iraq, Iran & North
Korea as an “axis of evil” that
was endangering the world.
 Claimed they oppressed their
people, sponsored terrorism, &
were developing weapons of
mass destruction (WMD)
 Despite opposition from other
countries, including France,
Germany & Russia, the US
invaded Iraq in March 2003 &
toppled Hussein’s regime in just
6 weeks. After the leaders went
into hiding, the US tracked them
down one by one. Saddam was
captured in December 2003 &
was executed by the new
government of Iraq.
 The US military would stay in
Iraq for the next decade, trying
to establish stability in the area.
May 2, 2003, aboard the
USS Abraham Lincoln
Pres. Bush stated that the war in Iraq was necessary in
order to prevent Hussein from using weapons of mass
destruction against the U.S. or our allies in the future.
Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. talking with soldiers at
Camp Victory on the outskirts of Baghdad. (July 4, 2009)
Iraqis Celebrate U.S. Troop Withdrawals – 6/30/09 (3:03)
After the withdrawal in Iraq – 7/2/09 (1:23)
Fast forward to 2009…
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nation understood this.”
Iranian President
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Iranian Presidential Election: June, 2009
versus
Mir Hossein Mousavi
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Ahmadinejad was declared the winner in what many feel was
a fraudulent election.
Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the current Supreme Leader
of Iran.
After the results were
announced, thousands of
Iranians took the streets in
protest.
BBC – June 13: Protest
against Iran election results
(4:14)
June 14th: Iranians protest
against election results,
police intervene (3:30)
CNN: "Death Of Neda"
Video Becomes Symbol Of
Iranian Protests (2:54)