Transcript Topic 3.7 King

The United States Emerges as
a World Power
Topic 3.7
Early 1900’s China
To European Countries and Japan, China=raw
materials and land to colonize.
To the United States, China=Customers!
China
• After several years of wars with European powers, Japan, and
a rebellion against their own dynastic rulers, China had fallen
into “spheres of influence.” Japan and the European nations
now controlled most of China’s seaports and major areas where
raw materials were located.
• By the late 1800s China’s huge population and vast markets
became important to American trade
• Not only the United States!!!
• Russia
• Germany
• Britain
• France
• Japan
China
Spheres of Influence-areas of economic and political control
– Own laws on trade regulations
– Basically colonies
– Countries agreed not to trade outside their sphere so they could all
make money without conflict
Open Door Policy
• John Hay President McKinley’s
Secretary of State
• Wrote a series of notes to foreign
diplomats in 1899
• Open Door Policy (gives U.S. access to
China’s millions of consumers)
• They neither accept it or reject it
outright
Boxer Rebellion
• In response the growing
influence of outsiders in their
country
• Secret societies
• Righteous and Harmonious
Fists nickname “Boxers”
• Celebrated traditional Chinese
customs and criticized Western
ways
• Rebellion against “foreign
devils”
• Multinational force of
European, American, and
Japanese troops sent to end
the rebellion
Open Door Again
• John Hay feared Boxer rebellion
would cause powers to seize
more Chinese territory
• Issued 2nd Open Door note
• Argued for equal privileges
among countries trading with
China
• America did not want colonies in
China
• United States wanted free trade
• China should remain one
country and not be broken up
After the Boxer Rebellion is crushed, the US more or less tells the other
nations “this is how it’s going to be.”
China remains a divided country, dominated by the major world powers and
will remain so until WWII
Russo-Japanese War
• Japan wanted to expand its influence in
China
• 1904 Japan launched a surprise attack
against Russian troops in China
• 1905 representatives from Japan and Russia
met
• Talks stalled
• TR now president intervened and convinced
the two sides to sign a peace treaty
• TR won the Nobel Peace Prize
• Getting this award showed America’s
growing role in world affairs
For his work in ending the war with Russia and
Japan, TR becomes the first American to win the
Nobel Peace Prize.
• McKinley was
assassinated….Roosevelt
became President
• Leon Czolgosz
• Self proclaimed anarchist
• Execution – the electric chair.
• Roosevelt was such a fan of
military intimidation that he
described his foreign policy by
quoting an old African saying
“Speak softly and carry a big
stick”
• Very aggressive foreign policy
• The big stick was the U.S Navy
Theodore
Roosevelt
Roosevelt Corollary
• Extension to the Monroe
Doctrine
• The U.S. wanted only “to
see neighboring countries
stable, orderly, and
prosperous”
• The U.S. would intervene
whenever U.S. interests
were threatened, and
would use its
“international police
power”.
-Published after the
announcement of the Roosevelt
Corollary
-Depicts Roosevelt as the worlds
police officer using his big stick
to maintain order and stability
Vastly increased U.S. involvement in Latin
America, with Roosevelt intervening on
many occasions
•
•
U.S. intervention in
Latin America became
common and angered
many Latin Americans
Congress was also
unhappy-Roosevelt’s
policies seemed to
strengthen the
president’s power while
weakening theirs
The
Problem.
Duh.
• Need a Shorter route
between the Pacific and
Atlantic oceans
• A canal built across
Central America would
link the two oceans
• Making global shipping
much faster and
cheaper
• Allow U.S. Navy to
move quickly in time of
war
Isthmus of Panama
• Isthmus of Panama was
an ideal location
• Isthmus-a narrow strip of
land with sea on either
side, forming a link
between two larger areas
of land
• Panama was a territory
of Colombia
• 1879- A French
company was going to
build a canal
• Mismanagement- the
company abandoned the
project 10 years later
• Offered the remaining rights
to the U.S.
• 1903- United States bought
the Panama route for $40
million
• United States needed the
consent of the Colombian
government
• Colombia demanded more
money!
• Roosevelt was NOT HAPPY!
• TR made it clear the
U.S. would not interfere
in a Panamanian
revolution
• 1903-TR sent U.S.
warships to the water off
Panama to support a
rebellion against
Colombia
• The appearance of the
United States Navy
convinced Colombians
not to suppress the
uprising
-U.S. immediately
recognized the new
Panamanian government
and becomes its protector
-U.S. agreed to pay $10
million
-The canal cuts travel time
between the Atlantic and
Pacific drastically!
• More than
35,000 helped
dig the Panama
Canal
• More than
5,000 workers
died
• Opened in
1914
•Roosevelt angered
Congress by
encouraging the
Panamanian revolt
•Guess how much this
bothered Teddy…
not very much…
However, Teddy’s actions greatly increased
ill will towards the U.S.
The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• Fall of 1906 San Francisco School Board
banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean
children from attending public schools with
white children
• Japan is not happy!!
• TR wanted to calm tensions
• School board pledged to end segregation policy
• In return Japan agreed to limit the Immigration
of its citizens to the United States
My mom called
me her “pudgywudgy boy”
because I was
overweight.
President William Taft
I also got stuck
in the bathtub
several times
while President.
President William Taft
Taft’s Goals
1. Intended to maintain
Open Door Policy in
China and combat
“spheres of influence”
2. Preserve stability in
Latin America
3. Expanding American
trade through foreign
policy
Spheres of Influence
President Taft
•
•
•
•
Lawyer from Ohio
Served as Sec. of War under TR
Elected to President in 1908
Not as aggressive as Roosevelt
Taft’s Way
•
Dollar Diplomacy-“Substituting dollars for
bullets”
– President Taft’s policy of encouraging
American investment in foreign economies
– Increase American investments in
businesses and banks throughout Central
America and the Caribbean
– Americans invested in plantations, mines,
oil wells, railways, and other ventures
Taft’s Way
•
Dollar Diplomacy-“Substituting dollars for
bullets”
– Urged American industry to invest
– Not very successful
– Increases ill will towards the U.S.
when we support unpopular
regimes
Banana Republic
• Some business leaders went a step further
and invested directly in the economies of
other countries
• Term used to describe a central American
nation dominated by United States
business interests
In Action
• Wanted to rely less on the “big stick”
and more on “dollar diplomacy”
• Dollar diplomacy sometimes required
force
• Taft dispatched troops to Nicaragua
1909 and 1912
• Protect the formation of a proAmerican government there
President Woodrow Wilson
• Intended to take U.S. foreign
policy in a different direction
• United States would never
again seek one additional foot of
territory by conquest but would
instead work to promote human
rights, national integrity, and
opportunity
• Moral Diplomacy!
Revolution Grips Mexico
• Dictator Porfirio Diaz
• With his encouragement foreign
investments in Mexico grew
• 1911- Francisco Madero led
Mexican Revolution that toppled
Diaz
• 1913- General Victoriano Huerta
seized power and executed Madero
• Under dollar diplomacy Taft likely
would have recognized Huerta
• Wilson would not
Victoriano
Huerta
Revolution Grips Mexico
• Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza
• 1914 used American sailors being
arrested to help Carranza attain
power
• Sent marines to occupy the Mexican
port of Veracruz
• Carranza assumed the presidency
• Rebels again rose up
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
•
•
•
•
Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico
Raided the town of Columbus
Leaving 18 Americans dead
Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and
more than 10,000 troops
• Forces chased Villa for several months
• Failed to capture Villa
• Wilson eventually withdrew American
troops in 1917
Henry Cabot Lodge
• Henry Cabot LodgeSenator called for U.S.
expansion (political and
economic interest
abroad)
• Agreed with Frederick
Jackson Turner
Anti-imperialists believed
• Rejects the foundations of American ideals
and democracy
• “inferior” races
• Rejection of the nation’s foundation of
liberty for all
• The Constitution Must Follow The Flag
• Compete with American workers for jobs