Transcript Native Americans Lose Their Land

Westward Expansion
Growth of the Nation
Original 13 Territories
After the French and Indian War
Land Lost by Indians to 1783
Map 13 of 45
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
After the American Revolution
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Northwest Territory
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French fur traders explored the area in the 1600s
France ceded the territory to Britain at the end of the French and
Indian Wars
Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian
Mountains
Britain ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the
Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American
Revolution
Several states had competing claims on the territory. Refused to ratify
the Articles of Confederation if states were allowed to keep their
western territory
The majority of the territory became public domain land owned by the
U.S. government.
Difficulties with Native American tribes and with British trading
outposts presented obstacles for American expansion until military
campaigns of Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans
culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the
Treaty of Greenville of 1795.
Jay's Treaty, in 1794, temporarily helped to smooth relations with
British traders in the region, where British citizens outnumbered
American citizens throughout the 1780s.
Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing
factor to the War of 1812. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the
Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.
When the territory was created, it was inhabited by about 45,000
Native Americans and 2,000 traders, mostly French and British.
The territory included all the land of the United States west of
Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the
modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as
well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. The area covered more
than 260,000 square miles
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Reducing Government
• Jefferson entered office with a straightforward
agenda. His goal was to reduce the influence
of the national government in the lives of the
American people.
• Jefferson
– reduced taxes
– cut the size of the federal bureaucracy
– reduced the size of the army to just over 3,000
men.
• Jefferson did not intend to destroy the
government created by the Constitution, or
undo the acts of the Federalists.
• He let the Bank of the United States continue
to function, knowing that its term would run
out in 1811.
Jefferson and the Courts
The Judiciary Acts The Constitution did not fully explain the role of the judicial
branch. Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary
Acts of 1789 and 1801. These acts created a national court
system headed by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court
would settle differences between state and federal laws.
Adams Appoints
Judges
Marbury v.
Madison
Judicial Review
Just before he left office, Adams appointed judges to
federal courts who would be sympathetic to Federalist
views. The appointment of these midnight judges angered
Jefferson, who wanted to appoint his own judges.
Marbury v. Madison arose when Jefferson tried to deny the
appointments of some judges. Chief Justice John Marshall
ruled that it was against the Constitution for the Supreme
Court to order the executive branch to let appointee
William Marbury take his judicial office.
In this ruling, the Court established the power of judicial
review, in which courts decide whether or not laws are
constitutional. It also allows federal courts to review state
laws and court decisions to make sure they are
constitutional. In this way, the Court plays an important
role in preserving the federal union
Jefferson’s Program in the West
The Land Act
of 1800
Under the Land Act of 1800, Americans were able to
buy land in the western territories in small parcels and
on credit. This encouraged the development of the
frontier.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Thomas Jefferson decided to use the power of the
national government to aid in the nation’s
expansion by keeping the Mississippi River open (it
was a vital trade route)
• When Napoleon took over much of the Spanish
land in the west, he gained control of the mouth of
the Mississippi at New Orleans.
• The French used this to get money from the
Americans Pay to pass through).
• In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert
Livingston to Paris to buy the city of New Orleans.
(They could spend up to $10 million)
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon would have liked to start a French
Empire in the Americas, but he had recently
been unable to stop a rebellion in Haiti, so he
changed his mind.
• He refused to just sell New Orleans, it was all
of the territory or nothing.
• Monroe/Livingston offered $15 million (hoping
Congress and the President would approve)
• Jefferson was hesitant (did he have the right
to buy land, spend this much money)
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The purchase dramatically increased the size of the
United States and its national debt.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Congress agreed to finance an expedition to explore the area
purchased.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead the expedition.
• Spring 1804
• Goal: search river routes to the western ocean, make contact
with natives, gather information on natural resources
• French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife Sacajawea, a
Shoshone Indian went as interpreters.
• Reached the Pacific in 1805
• Filled in the details of the lands to the west
The Election of 1804
• Although the Federalists were a strong force in
national politics, they began to lose support.
• They opposed the widely popular Louisiana
Purchase, and farmers in the new lands in the
South and West tended to support Jeffersonian
Republicans.
• Jefferson’s popularity, combined with a
weakened Federalist Party, led to his landslide
victory in the 1804 election.
Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton
• Jefferson’s Vice President, Aaron Burr, was
infuriated when Alexander Hamilton ruined his
bid for the Federalist nomination in the New
York governor’s race.
• This was not the first time that Hamilton had
prevented Burr from scoring a political victory,
and Burr challenged him to a duel.
• After killing Hamilton in this duel, Burr found
his political career ruined.
Increasing Tensions With Europe
The Chesapeake
•When Jay’s Treaty, which ensured peace between the
United States and Britain, expired in 1805, European
nations were back at war with each other.
•French warships attacked American ships trading
with Britain. British ships interfered with American
ships trading with France.
•In 1807, a British ship, the Leopard, attacked the USS
Chesapeake, inflicted 21 casualties, and searched the
ship for deserters from the British navy.
Foreign Issues: The Embargo of 1807
• Jefferson imposed an embargo in response to
British and French attacks on American trading
ships
• Embargo: a restriction on trade with other
countries
• Many Americans did not like the Embargo
– Crippled New England economy
– Didn’t hurt the British or French
– National Government interference in economy
• The Embargo would eventually be repealed
James Madison
4th President
Presidential Term
1809-17
Other Notable Accomplishments
Known as the Father of the Constitution
President Jefferson's Secretary of State
Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• Many Americans, including members of Congress, blamed the
British for ongoing frontier violence between Native Americans
and white Americans – saying the British Encouraged Native
Americans to resist settlement of the west
• Anger toward Britain increased due to the British practice of
impressment, the act of forcing people into military service.
• British ships regularly stopped American ships at sea and
removed men to serve in the British navy.
• June of 1812: President Madison urged congress to declare
war on Great Britain
– U.S. only had a small army and navy and no foreign
assistance
– Would have to deal with British and Native Americans
hoping to block westward expansion
Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• The Land War
– The United States had only a small army and navy,
giving it a disadvantage against Britain.
– Americans tried to push into Canada and conquer the
British
– Poorly equipped and led Americans were beaten by the
British
• The Naval War
– Despite the much larger size of the British navy,
Americans at first won a number of battles at sea.
– Victories such as the one by the USS Constitution (“Old
Ironsides”) raised American morale.
– However, the superior British navy soon blockaded the
United States coast and cut off the trade (British ships
outnumbered American ships 20 to 1)
The Burning of Washington, D.C
• August 24, 1814 the British started
burning Washington, the Capitol
and White House were burned
• From Washington, the British
moved on to Baltimore, where
American forces turned them back.
Battle of Baltimore September 13-14, 1814
• The valiant defense of the
fort by 1,000 dedicated
Americans inspired Francis
Scott Key to write “The StarSpangled Banner.”
• Regardless of the “rockets
red glare, the bombs
bursting in air” the
defenders of Fort McHenry
stopped the British advance
on Baltimore and helped to
preserve the United States
of America – “the land of
the free and the home of the
brave.”
• Following the Battle of
Baltimore during the War of
1812, the fort never again
came under attack.
However, it remained an
active military post off and
on for the next 100 years.
The War Ends
• New Englanders suffered tremendous losses in
trade during the war.
• In December 1814, the Hartford Convention was
held to consider leaving the nation. Instead, the
convention called for constitutional amendments
to increase New England’s political power.
• The War of 1812 officially ended on December 24,
1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent,
which restored all old boundaries between the
United States and British territory in North
America.
• The treaty did not, however, resolve many of the
issues that had caused the war, such as the
British practice of impressment.
Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• Battle of New Orleans
– Because of slow communication, fighting
continued after the peace treaty
– On January 8th the British tried to take New
Orleans
– General Andrew Jackson defended the city,
the British suffered 2,036 casualties, the
Americans, 21
– The victory raised morale and allowed
Americans to end an unhappy war on a
positive note.
Postwar Boom
Growth and Prosperity
•American economy entered a period of
growth and prosperity after the War of
1812
•Trade with Europe boomed, and banks lent
an abundant amount of credit. Agriculture
was being shipped to Europe
•With credit available at American banks
more people started moving west
•Americans began moving westward at an
incredible rate. People bought hundreds of
thousands of acres from Indiana to
Louisiana
•James Monroe and the Republican Party
dominated American politics, as the
Federalists faded out of existence.
James Monroe
5th President
Presidential Term
1817-25
'Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.'
anti-Federalist
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
Nationalism at Home
Many Americans came to think of President James Monroe’s two terms in office (1817–
1826) as the Era of Good Feeling. During Monroe’s terms, the Supreme Court, under
Chief Justice John Marshall, made several important decisions that
strengthened the federal government’s role in the national economy.
Protecting Contracts
In Dartmouth College v.
Woodward, the Marshall
Court ruled that states
cannot interfere with
private contracts. This
ruling later came to
protect businesses from
regulation, stabilizing the
national economy.
Supporting the National
Bank
Regulating Commerce
In McCulloch v. Maryland,
Marshall ruled that
Congress had the right to
charter the Bank of the
United States even though
the Constitution did not
specifically mention it.
Marshall based his
argument on the
“necessary and proper”
clause in the Constitution.
In Gibbons v. Ogden, the
Court declared that
states could not interfere
with Congress’s right to
regulate business on
interstate waterways.
This ruling increased
steamboat competition,
helping open up the
American West for
settlement.
Nationalism Abroad
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President Monroe, together with Secretary of State
John Quincy Adams, began a new approach to
American foreign policy.
One of Monroe’s main goals was to ease tensions with
Great Britain, which remained high after the War of
1812.
In 1817, the United States and Great Britain signed the
Rush-Bagot Agreement, which called on both nations
to reduce the number of warships in the Great Lakes
region. The following year, the two countries set the
northern border of the United States at 49˚ North
latitude.
Monroe was also concerned that other European
countries, recovering from several years of warfare,
would resume their efforts to colonize the Western
Hemisphere.
The Monroe Doctrine
In a speech on December 2, 1823, President Monroe
established a policy that every President has since
followed to some degree. The Monroe Doctrine
had four main parts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The United States would not become involved in the
internal affairs of European nations, nor would it take
sides in wars among them.
The United States recognized the existing colonies and
states in the Western Hemisphere and would not
interfere with them.
The United States would not permit any further
colonization of the Western Hemisphere.
The United States would not permit any further
colonization of the Western Hemisphere.
The Panic of 1819
The First Great Depression
• In 1819, America experienced its first
depression, or severe economic
downturn.
• London banks demanded the U.S. pay
back loans
• U.S. bank demanded American public pay
back loans
• Many Americans who had borrowed too
much money in previous years were
financially ruined.
• Nation’s capital dried up
• Reform government to improve economy
Events Leading to the
Civil War
• Failure to Settle Slavery at
the Signing of the
Declaration of
Independence and the
Constitution
• Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
• Missouri Compromise
• Nullification Crisis
More Events
• Dred Scott Decision
• Fugitive Slave Law
• War with Mexico
• Compromise of 1850/Great
Compromise
• Turners Rebellion
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Election of 1860
Basic Issues Before the
Civil War
• Slavery-allowed in the South,
Not allowed in the North
• States Rights/SuccessionCan a State Leave the United
States?
• Sectionalism-life was very
different in the South than the
North
• Should New States Have
Slavery?
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
• James Madison and
Thomas Jefferson Wrote
that a State Could Nullify a
Federal Law if it were
Unconstitutional.
• Increased “States Rights”
The Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820
• In 1819, Congress began debating
the admission of Missouri to the
United States.
• The basic issue at was slavery.
• South
– if Congress could forbid slavery in
Missouri, then it would forbid it
elsewhere
• North
– liberty of African Americans
– upset the balance of free and slave
states in the South’s favor
The Missouri Compromise
• Henry Clay developed a
compromise to resolve the issue.
• Under the Missouri Compromise,
– Missouri would enter the United
States as a slave state
– Maine would enter as a free state
(once a part of MA )
– All new states created above 36’ 30'
N latitude (the southern border of
Missouri) would have to be free
states
– Kept the balance in the Senate
between slave/free states
Jefferson on the Missouri
Compromise
• However, the questions raised by
these issues would soon be
impossible to ignore.
• Jefferson
– “I tremble for my country when I
reflect that God is just: that His justice
cannot sleep forever.”
– He did not like that the issue of slavery
was being put off
Annexation of Texas
• Texas Fought For
Independence from Mexico
• 1845-US/Annexes or Adds
Texas to the United States
• Slave State
• Helps Start War with
Mexico
War With Mexico
• 1846-1848
• Many Future Civil War
Generals Fight Together
• US Gets: California,
Nevada, Utah, Parts of
Arizona, Colorado, New
Mexico
Gadsden Purchase
• 1853
• America Buys Additional
Land in the Southwest from
Mexico
• Includes Parts of Arizona
The Big Question
• Would New Territory
Allow Slavery or Not?
Ticket Out
• List the 3 Main Causes of
the Civil War
The Controversial Election of 1824
• Three major candidates competed for the presidency in
1824. For the first time, no candidate had been a leader
during the Revolution.
• These candidates were Secretary of State John Quincy
Adams, Speaker of the House Henry Clay, and General
Andrew Jackson.
• Jackson was regarded by many as a wildcard candidate, an
outsider famous for his war victories.
• While in Congress, Clay had supported what he called the
American System, a policy of government-backed economic
development and protective tariffs to encourage business
growth.
• No candidate won a majority of electoral votes. As required
by the Constitution, the House of Representatives voted to
decide the election. Clay helped win victory for Adams, who
made Clay his Secretary of State days later.
• Angry Jackson supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had
made a “corrupt bargain” to deny Jackson the presidency.
John Quincy Adams
Sixth President
1825-1829
First President who was the son of a President
Secretary of State
Congressman
Established a national university
The Nullification Crisis
• State Power Vs. National Government
• 1828: Congress passed a new tariff
putting a high tax on imports in order
to encourage manufacturing within the
U.S.
• Most manufacturing took place in the
north which made the south have to
pay higher prices to benefit the north
• 1832 – South Carolina declared the
tariff null and void
• Compromised…but raised the question
of the power of the states
“Native Americans Lose Their Land”
• Treaties were made, treaties were
broken
• All land west of the 95th meridian
was Indian Country…until the
white settlers decided they
wanted it as well
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs,
created to deal with Native
American Issues tried to
extinguish Native American land
claims through treaties and yearly
payments
• 1850s, the government supported
the idea of forcing Indians onto
reservations.
War in the Old Northwest
• 1790s, the Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other
Native American groups came together to fight
American expansion.
• With the help of the British in Canada, and led by
warriors such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket,
they won several victories over the United States.
• The tide turned when the British withdrew their
support and a new national army, known as the
Legion of the United States, was formed.
• At the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers in presentday northwestern Ohio, the Legion defeated the
Native Americans. As a result, several groups of
Native Americans were forced to accept the
Treaty of Greenville in 1795.
• According to the Treaty of Greenville, these
groups relinquished the southern two thirds of
Ohio and accepted that the Ohio River would no
longer be a permanent boundary between their
land and that of the white settlers.
Native American Reactions
Different Strategies
•In the early 1800s, Native
American leaders proposed
ways to deal with the
United States.
•These strategies included
–accepting white culture
–blending Indian and
white cultures
–returning to Indian
religious traditions
–taking military action
Acceptance and Blending
•Some Native Americans,
including Little Turtle, tried
to live peacefully with
white settlers.
•Others, including a Seneca
named Handsome Lake,
wanted to blend Native
American customs with
those of the white
Americans.
Other Native American Strategies
Returning to Indian
Traditions
•In Indiana, Tenskwatawa,
called for a return to
traditional Native American
ways.
•Tenskwatawa was
opposed to assimilation.
•From his home on a
reservation, Handsome
Lake urged Native
Americans to focus more on
their traditions than on
war.
Taking Military Action
•Tenskwatawa’s older
brother, Tecumseh,
believed that Native
Americans needed to
overcome local
differences and unite in
order to resist United
States expansion.
•Tecumseh’s forces were
defeated by those of the
United States at the
Battle of Tippecanoe in
1811. The battle
shattered morale and
eroded confidence in
Tenskwatawa’s
leadership.
Cultural Advancement
Increased prosperity meant that more Americans had the time to devote themselves
to scholarship and art.
• Mercy Otis Warren
• playwright and political activist
• urged women to take part in intellectual activities in addition to their
responsibilities in the home.
• Benjamin Rush
• doctor, scientist, and revolutionary.
• argued that there was a physical basis for mental illness.
• Benjamin Banneker
• mixed African American and white ancestry
• writer, inventor, mathematician, and astronomer
• surveyed the site of the nation’s new capital of Washington, D.C.
• Charles Willson Peale
• painter, soldier, politician, scientist, and inventor.
• Founded, Peale’s Museum, helped bring the enjoyment of art and
science to ordinary citizens.
• Phillis Wheatley
• African American poet born into slavery.
• Educated by her owners when they recognized her intelligence
• Earned international fame for her poetry
Education and Republican Virtues
Education
•Americans began to see
education as a way to
develop a rich and
uniquely American
culture.
•Although some state
constitutions called for
free public schools, few
state governments
provided them, and
private academies filled
the gap.
Republican Virtues
•Americans wanted their
schools to teach republican
virtues, the virtues that
the American people would
need to govern themselves
in the new republic.
•Republican virtues
included
– self-reliance
– hard work
– Frugality
– Harmony
– sacrificing individual
needs for the common
good.
•Many Americans looked to
women to set the standard
for republican virtues.
Social Changes
Population Growth
•In 1780, about 2.7 million
people lived in 13 states; by
1830, about 12 million
people lived in 24 states.
•Much of this rise was due
to an increase in the
number of children born to
each family.
•The large number of
children meant that most of
the American population
was young.
•In 1820, half of all
Americans were under 17
years of age.
Mobility
New Rules for Courtship
and Marriage
•The United States was a
mobile society, one in
which people continually
move from place to place.
•Many Americans sought
opportunity by moving
west.
•People often lived in the
company of strangers
whose social position was
not well defined.
•As American society
became less ordered
and less certain, women
began putting more
effort into choosing the
right marriage partner.
•Many preferred a long
period of courtship
before marrying.
•Marriage was a matter
of survival for many
women, since few
decent employment
opportunities existed.
Religious Renewal
• The Second Great Awakening, the powerful
religious movement of the early 1800s, began in
the backcountry of Kentucky and Tennessee.
• The Second Great Awakening was an evangelical
movement which affected Protestant Christians.
• Evangelical faiths were democratic in character,
allowing any believer to achieve salvation and
emphasizing the importance of the congregation,
over church leaders.
• The revival, or meeting, was popular during this
time. At a revival, people were brought back to a
religious life by listening to preachers and
accepting belief in Jesus.
• The revival movement brought women increased
power.
New Denominations
and
African
American
Worship
New Denominations
African American Worship
•During the Second Great
Awakening, many
Protestant denominations,
or religious subgroups,
experienced rapid growth.
•These denominations
included the Baptists,
Methodists, Unitarians,
Mormons, and
Millennialists.
•A large number of African
Americans turned to
evangelical religion.
•In many churches, white
and black traditions
blended together.
•Members of both groups
sang spirituals, or folk
hymns.
•Some African Americans
felt unwelcome in
predominately white
churches.
•African Americans began
starting their own
churches, with several
joining to found the African
Methodist Episcopal Church
in 1816.
Crossing the Appalachians
• The American population sought new lands, away
from the crowded Atlantic Coast, where families
could create bright and secure futures.
• Many Americans loaded up wagons and headed
for the region west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Settlers took several main routes west, including
the Cumberland Road. Many of these routes
ended in the Ohio Valley.
• Most settlers moved as families, although some
young men moved alone. Once they settled on a
piece of land, families worked hard to clear their
land of trees and underbrush, plant crops, and
build a log cabin.
• Most new settlers were white, but many African
Americans also crossed the Appalachians.
• By 1830, hundreds of thousands of Americans had
settled in the Michigan Territory and the three
new states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
Forcing Native Americans West
The Government’s Removal
Plan
•Settlers seeking land west
of the Appalachians did not
want to compete with
Native Americans.
•The government created a
plan to pressure Native
American groups to move
further west to the
Louisiana Territory, an area
which lay well beyond
current settlements and
was seen as unfit for
farming.
Native American Response
•While most Native
American groups peacefully
cooperated with federal
agents, some fought
bitterly against removal.
•Diseases brought by white
settlers caused epidemics
which reduced the Native
American population.
Expanding Into Florida
• 1795-Pinckney Treaty
– Florida would be controlled by Spain
– U.S. allowed free use of the Mississippi
River through Spanish lands.
– U. S. and Spain agreed to control the
Native Americans within their borders.
• The U.S. began acquiring parts of
Florida in 1810.
• Spain was preoccupied with
uprisings in its other colonies, the
Seminoles, a Native American
group living in Florida, increased
their raids on settlements in
northern Georgia.
The Seminole Wars
First Seminole War
1817 to 1818
General Jackson Invades
•General Jackson, assigned to
protect the settlers, thought
that the United States should
possess Florida.
•Jackson chose to invade
Spanish Florida.
•Jackson’s forces quickly swept
through Florida. Although
Congress threatened to
condemn him, most Americans
applauded his actions.
•President Monroe and his
Secretary of State, John Quincy
Adams, decided to make the
best of Jackson’s actions.
•Monroe and Adams accused
Spain of breaking the Pinckney
Treaty by failing to control the
Seminoles.
The Adams-Onís Treaty
•Spain was in a poor position
to argue with the United
States. Spanish representative
Luiz de Onís and Adams
developed the Adams-Onís
Treaty.
•According to this treaty, Spain
agreed to give up Florida to the
United States.
•The United States agreed to
cede its claims to a huge
territory in the present-day
southwestern United States.
•The treaty also fixed the
boundary between the
Louisiana Purchase and
Spanish territory in the West.
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803 and Additions of Various Other Territories Highlighted
Map 8 of 45
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Two New Parties Face Off
The American System and
the National Republicans
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Adams and Clay pushed for
laws authorizing the
federal construction of
roads, canals, bridges, and
other public improvements.
Supporters of Andrew
Jackson in Congress
blocked such plans at every
turn.
Supporters of Adams and
Clay began calling
themselves the Adams
Party or National
Republicans, later to be
known as Whigs.
Jackson and the Election of
1828
•Supporters of Andrew
Jackson called themselves
Jacksonians or Democratic
Republicans. Historians
now call them Jacksonian
Democrats.
•Jackson won the
presidential election of
1828 by a large margin.
•Many men who did not
own property were allowed
to vote for the first time.
These voters chose
Jackson, the candidate they
felt was a man of the
people.
Andrew Jackson
Seventh President
1829-1837
More nearly than any of his predecessors, Andrew Jackson was elected by
popular vote; as President he sought to act as the direct representative of the
common man.
Jackson as President
Andrew Jackson as President 1829–1837
• Jackson’s Inauguration When Jackson was inaugurated, supporters
immediately rushed forward to greet him. They followed him into the
White House to try to get a glimpse of their hero, the first President
from west of the Appalachians.
• Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s support came from thousands of new
voters. New laws that allowed all white men to vote, as well as laws
that let voters, rather than state legislatures, choose electors, gave
many more people a voice in choosing their government.
• The Spoils SystemThe practice of patronage, in which newly elected
officials give government jobs to friends and supporters, was not new
in Jackson’s time. Jackson made this practice, known as the spoils
system to critics, official.
• Limited GovernmentJackson believed in limiting the power of the
federal government and used his veto power to restrict federal activity
as much as possible. His frequent use of the veto helped earn him the
nickname “King Andrew I.”
The Tariff Crisis
• Before Jackson’s first term had begun, Congress
passed the Tariff of 1828, a heavy tax on imports
designed to boost American manufacturing.
• The tariff greatly benefited the industrial North
but forced southerners to pay high prices for
manufactured goods.
• In response to the tariff, South Carolina claimed
that states could nullify, or reject, federal laws
they judged to be unconstitutional. It based this
claim on a strict interpretation of states’ rights,
the powers that the Constitution neither gives to
the federal government nor denies to the states.
• South Carolina nullified the tariffs and threatened
to secede, or withdraw, from the Union, if the
federal government did not respect its
nullification.
• A compromise engineered by Senator Henry Clay
ended the crisis. However, the issue of states’
rights continued to influence the nation.
The Indian Crisis
Indian Uprisings
In 1832, a warrior named Black Hawk led about 1,000 Indians back to their
fertile land, hoping to regain it peacefully. The clashes which resulted
became known as the Black Hawk War. In 1835, a group of Seminoles in
Florida, led by a chief named Osceola, began the Second Seminole War, a
conflict which was to continue for nearly seven years.
Indian Removal Act
Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1820s – plantation owners were buying the best cotton-farming
land in the South
Farmers wanted to expand west – the “Five Civilized Tribes”-- the
Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole people lived
on the fertile land in this area
Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi began to take control of Indian
lands, which broke Federal treaties
Jackson, who is president by this time, supported the actions
1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which authorized
him to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana
Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the east.
Forcibly relocated about 100,000 natives
Took 100 million acres and gave them 32 million acres in what is
now Oklahoma
Third Seminole War from 1855 to 1858
• started because Americans from a fort in Georgia destroyed
the crops of the main Seminole leader by burning them.
• Final clash over land between the Seminole settlers and white
settlers
• By the time the conflict was finished there were few
Seminoles in Florida -- and when Bowlegs (Seminole leader)
surrendered, he had only forty warriors with him.
The Cherokees
• Had adopted to white culture, took up
farming, home styles, clothing and
religion of white neighbors
• Government modeled on U.S.
government
• Developed a system of writing
• 1829 – Gold was found on Cherokee
land in western Georgia
• White miners and farmers flooded land
• State seized 9 million acres
• Cherokees used the U.S. system and
sued
The Cherokees
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that
they had no legal standing in American
courts because they were not U.S.
citizens or a foreign country.
• Cherokees tried to work with the
Senate
• Cherokees tried to appeal to the
American people
• Cherokees pursued their case through a
U.S. citizen (missionary Samuel
Worcester)… justice said Georgia did
not have authority
• Georgia ignored the ruling, and the
President supported the state
The Cherokees
• 1838 – The United States Army rounded
up more than 15,000 Cherokees into
camps while settlers burned their
homes and farms
• The men, women, and children were
then forced to march westward for 116
days in the Trail of Tears
• ¼ died of cold or disease, troops
refused to let them rest
• The $6 million it cost to relocate them
was subtracted from the $9 million
payment to the Cherokees for their
lands
The Bank War
The Bank of the United
States
•Like many Americans,
Jackson viewed the Bank of
the United States as a
“monster” institution
controlled by a small group
of wealthy easterners.
•Supported by Senators
Henry Clay and Daniel
Webster, the charter’s
president, Nicholas Biddle,
decided to recharter the
bank in 1832, four years
earlier than necessary.
•Clay and Webster thought
that Jackson would veto
the charter, and planned to
use that veto against him in
the 1832 election.
Jackson Vetoes the Charter
•Jackson vetoed the bill to
recharter the bank,
claiming that the back was
a tool of the greedy and
powerful.
•Despite Clay and
Webster’s intentions, the
veto did not hurt Jackson’s
campaign. Jackson won
reelection in 1832 by a
huge margin, defeating
Clay, the National
Republican candidate.
•The National Republicans
never recovered from this
defeat. Two years later,
they joined several other
anti-Jackson groups to
form the Whig Party.
WESTWARD
MOVEMENT
Manifest Destiny
John O’Sullivan, a New
York journalist coined the
term Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny is a
phrase that expressed the
belief that the United
States had a divinely
inspired mission to expand,
spreading its form of
democracy and freedom.
Originally a political catch
phrase of the 19th Century,
Manifest Destiny eventually
became a standard
historical term, often used
as a synonym for the
territorial expansion of the
United States across North
America towards the Pacific
Ocean.
Bound for the Pacific
• Some Americans believed that it was their
nation’s manifest destiny, or obvious or
undeniable fate, to extend its reach from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.
• Several Native American groups had lived in the
Oregon Country, the area that stretched from
northern California to the southern border of
Alaska, for centuries.
• White settlers known as mountain men began
trading with these Native Americans in the late
1700s.
• The United States, Great Britain, Russia, and
Spain all claimed rights to the Oregon Country.
Russia and Spain soon gave up their claims, and
the United States and Great Britain agreed to
joint occupation of the area.
Manifest Destiny
• 1846 Great
Britain and the
United States
reached a
peaceful
agreement that
divided the
Oregon Country
along the 49th
parallel
Turner’s Frontier Thesis
Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree
the history of the colonization of the Great West.
The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession,
and the advance of American settlement westward explain
American development.
The frontier produced a man of coarseness and
strength...acuteness and inquisitiveness, [of] that practical and
inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients [ways to achieve
goals]...[full of] restless and nervous energy; that dominant
individualism, working for good and evil, and withal that
buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom....
The paths of the pioneers have widened into broad highways.
The forest clearing has expanded into affluent commonwealths.
Let us see to it that the ideals of the pioneer in his log cabin
shall enlarge into the spiritual life of a democracy where civic
power shall dominate and utilize individual achievement for the
common good.
Oregon Trail
• Wagon trains brought thousands of pioneers
along the Oregon Trail, the main route across the
central plains and the Rocky Mountains. The
Oregon Trail took settlers through mountain
passes, low spots that allow travelers to cross
over to the other side of a mountain range.
• Traders traveled along the Santa Fe Trail to Santa
Fe, New Mexico.
Moving West
• Motivation
– The Civil War had displaced thousands of farmers, former slaves, and other
workers.
– Eastern farmland was too costly.
– Failed entrepreneurs sought a second chance in a new locations.
– Ethnic and religious repression caused people to seek the freedom of the west.
– Outlaws sought refuge.
– enjoyed the challenge
– A new start
– own boss
– flee racial violence or exploitation
– land to settle on or sell for a profit
• Challenges
–
–
–
–
–
–
trip westward was often difficult and expensive
encountered hardships, such as disease, on their travels
struggled for basic necessities
had to collect rain water for drinking or drill wells,
work tough prairie sod to plant crops,
make their own clothes, soap, and other necessities.
Moving West
•
Who?
– German-speaking immigrants arrived seeking farmland. They brought the Lutheran
religion with its emphasis on hard work and education.
– Lutherans from Scandinavia settled the northern plains from Iowa to Minnesota to the
Dakotas, many pursuing dairy farming.
– Irish, Italians, European Jews, and Chinese settled in concentrated communities on the
West coast. They took jobs in mining and railroad construction that brought them to the
American interior.
– After the Civil War, thousands of African Americans rode or walked westward, often
fleeing violence and exploitation.
– Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus,” a trek
inspired by the biblical account of the Israelites’ flight from Egypt to a prophesied
homeland. The settlers called themselves Exodusters. Some 50,000 or more Exodusters
migrated west.
– Majority of settlers where white men who moved to the West. Many were in their youth
and came to tame the wild frontier some of them becoming Mountain Men.
– Women: able to file claims on their own land, experienced long period of solitude,
launched active campaigns for suffrage.
– Missionaries traveled west, hoping to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
– Members of the Mormon faith also moved west, seeking their own land outside the
United States. Many Mormons settled in Salt Lake City and other towns in what became
the Utah Territory.
•
Working together: Families cooperated in raising houses and barns, sewing quilts, and husking corn.
Moving West
• Big business and state
governments obtained huge land
grants.
– The Pacific Railways Acts (1862,
1864) gave the Union Pacific and
Central Pacific Railroad
companies land from the Federal
Government.
– Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862)
– Homestead Act (1862)
• Legally enforceable property rights
Lands for Settlement
Morrill Land-Grant Act
•Created in 1862
•Act would provide support for state
colleges. Under the act, the federal
government distributed millions of
acres of western lands to state
governments. States could sell the
land to fund agricultural “land-grant”
colleges
Homestead Act
•
Created by President Lincoln in
1862
•
Offered 160 acres of public land
to anyone who met the following
requirements:
1. 21 years of age or the head of
a family
2. American citizens or
immigrant who had filed for
citizenship.
3. $10.00 registration fee
4. Build a house and live on the
claim at least 6 months of the
year.
5. Farm the land actively for 5
consecutive years before they
could claim ownership
Farming
• Although farmers had high hopes, farming on the Great Plains was not
paradise.
• They had to deal with unpredictable rainfall, extreme weather, drought,
and debt.
• Improvements:
– Dry farming (because of the dryness they learned to plant crops
that did not require a lot of water.)
– new plows, threshers, and other equipment,
– government publications on farming techniques led to much larger
output.
• Businesses came in and established large farms, or BONANZA farms
– grew food to supply to the east.
– The massive output flooded markets and caused prices to fall,
which hurt farmers’ ability to pay their debts.
California Gold Rush
• No event was more important in attracting
settlers to the West than the discovery of
gold at Sutter’s Mill in California in January
1848
• Newspapers reported and gold fever struck
• California’s 1848 population: 14,000
• California’s 1849 population: 100,000
• Natives were forced to work in mines ;
population dwindled from 150,000 to 35,000
in 1860
Mining
• Thousands of settlers, mostly unmarried men, poured into California.
• The miners brought the wild to the west. Most of the people arriving
for the lure of quick wealth were hard people – they worked and
played hard.
• Placer mining - shoveled loose dirt into boxes or pans and ran water
over it…but that only got the dirt that was loose in the soil, most of
it was buried that required serious machinery to dig, which meant the
single miner couldn’t do it alone.
• When the businesses of mining started coming in, it brought stability
with it, took over individual claims.
• Towns sprang up overnight where gold was found, and disappeared
when most of the gold was extracted. Ghost towns, or abandoned
communities, dotted the area.
• When the metal was gone, many mining cities became ghost towns,
and the mining was left in control of big companies that could afford
the investment needed.
The Spread of Western Mining
Chapter 14, Section 3
A Cowboy’s Life: Cattle Drive on the
Chisholm Trail
• Cowboys herded thousands of cattle to railway
centers on the long drive.
• The Chisholm Trail was one of several trails that
linked grazing land in Texas with cow towns to the
north.
• Cowboy life was hard. The men were up at 3:30 in
the morning and were in the saddle up to 18 hours
a day. They had to be constantly alert in case of a
stampede.
• The leading cause of death was being dragged by a
horse. Diseases such as tuberculosis also killed
many cowboys.
Ranching
•
•
The Americans adopted Mexican ranching equipment, and dress and began raising Texas
longhorn cattle.
Before the Civil War, pork had been Americans’ meat of choice. But then cookbooks snubbed
pork as “unwholesome” and the nation went on a beef binge.
Abilene, Kansas, became the first “cow town,” a town built specifically for receiving cattle.
•
Business boomed into the 1860s and 1870s
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
the destruction of the buffalo had emptied the land for grazing.
removal of Native Americans to reservations,
extension of rail lines into western lands.
Beef shipments became less expensive with the invention of refrigerated railroad cars.
population growth in the East increased the demand for beef.
Trails (Chisholm, Goodnight-Loving, etc) helped get cattle to markets.
At first fences were great they helped control the cattle and saved the ranchers from tracking down
open-range cows.
The Ranching Bust
– use of barbed wire to fence off farm land was the main factor that cut down on available range
land
– overstocking the market
– Winters of 1885 and 1886 froze cattle /starvation,
– summer drought in between the winters
– Farmers could make a living with much less land than the ranchers. More framers than ranchers, so
government supported farmers.
New Technology Eases Farm
Labor
Mechanized
Reaper
Barbed Wire
Dry Farming
Steel Plow
Harrow
Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms.
Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which
was scarce on the plains.
Allows cultivation of arid land by using drought-resistant crops and various
techniques to minimize evaporation.
Allows farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod.
Smoothes and levels ground for planting.
Steel Windmill
Powers irrigation systems and pumps up ground water.
Hybridization
Cross-breeding of crop plants, which allows greater yields and uniformity.
Improved
Communication
Grain Drill
Bonanza Farm
Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which
was scarce on the plains.
Array of multiple drills used to carve small trenches in the ground and feed seed
into the soil.
Farms controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, raised massive
quantities of a single cash crop.
Continued Conflict with Native Americans
• In the 1830s, President Jackson supported the removal of
Indian peoples to lands west of the Mississippi in the Great
Plains.
• Numerous Native American groups lived on the Great Plains,
the vast grassland that lies between the Mississippi River
and the Rocky Mountains. These included the Crow, the
Cheyenne, the Sioux, the Comanche, the Blackfeet, the
Apache, the Navajo, the Pawnee, and the Mandan.
The Life of the Plains Indians
• Before the eastern settlers arrived, changes had affected the lives of Native
Americans on the Great Plains, the vast grassland between the Mississippi River and
the Rocky Mountains.
• Relations with the French and American fur traders allowed the Plains Indians to
trade buffalo hides for guns. Guns made hunting for buffalo easier.
• The introduction of the horse brought upheaval. Warfare among Indian nations rose
to new intensity when waged on horseback.
• Many Native Americans continued to live as farmers, hunters, and gatherers. Others
became nomads, people who travel from place to place following available food
sources, instead of settling in one location.
• The rise of warrior societies led to a decline in village life, as nomadic Native
Americans raided more settled groups.
• After the Civil War, railroad companies began pushing their way deeper into the
west.
Indian Wars and Government
Policy
• Before the Civil War, Native Americans west of the Mississippi
continued to inhabit their traditional lands.
• Settlers’ views of land use contrasted with Native American traditions.
Settlers felt justified in taking the land because they would use it more
productively. Native Americans viewed them as invaders.
• Government treaties tried to restrict movement of Native Americans by
restricting them to reservations, federal lands set aside for them.
• Some federal agents negotiated honestly; others did not.
• Many settlers disregarded the negotiations entirely and stole land,
killed buffalo, diverted water supplies, and attacked Indian camps.
• Acts of violence on both sides set off cycles of revenge.
Attempts to Change Native
American Culture
• Many people believed that Native Americans needed to give up
their traditions and culture, learn English, become Christians,
adopt white dress and customs, and support themselves by
farming and trades.
• This policy is called assimilation, the process by which one
society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by
adopting its culture.
• In 1887 the Dawes Act divided reservation land into individual
plots. Each family headed by a man received 160 acres.
• Many Native Americans did not believe in the concept of
individual property, nor did they want to farm the land. For
some, the practices of farming went against their notion of
ecology. Some had no experience in agriculture.
• Between 1887 and 1932, some two thirds of this land became
white owned.
More on
the Dawes
Act
The Opening of Indian Territory
• Fifty five Indian nations were forced into Indian Territory, the
largest unsettled farmland in the United States.
• During the 1880s, squatters overran the land, and Congress
agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the region.
• On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up
at the territory’s borders to stake claims on the land.
• By sundown, settlers called boomers had staked claims on almost
2 million acres.
• Many boomers discovered that some of the best lands had been
grabbed by sooners, people who had sneaked past the
government officials earlier to mark their claims.
• Under continued pressure from settlers, Congress created
Oklahoma Territory in 1890. In the following years, the
remainder of Indian Territory was open to settlement.
Key Events in the Indian Wars, 1861-1890
Key Events in the Native American Conflict
1864
Colonel John Chivington and his men slaughter between 150 and 500 Cheyenne of Colorado Territory
in the Sand Creek Massacre.
1865
Federal government decides to build a road through Sioux territory. Sioux launch a two-year war
against the United States army.
1874
Federal government sends Lt. Colonel George Custer to investigate rumors of gold in the Black Hills of
Sioux territory. He reports that there is a lot of gold in the Black Hills. Settlers and miners begin to
search the hills for gold. Hostilities resume between the Sioux and the army.
1876
Nearly 2,000 Sioux warriors attack Custer’s troops at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Custer and more
than 200 soldiers are killed.
1890
At the Massacre at Wounded Knee, U.S. soldiers open fire on unarmed Sioux grieving the death of
Sitting Bull, killing 200.
Chief Sitting Bull - Sioux
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sitting Bull, Lakota Medicine Man and Chief was
considered the last Sioux to surrender to the
U.S. Government.
Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw his
people victorious over the white soldiers.
General Custer and a regiment of the seventh
cavalry attacked the seven bands of the Lakota
Nation along with several families of the
Cheyenne and Arapaho.
The attack was clearly in violation of their
treaty. Precisely as Sitting Bull had seen in his
vision, every white soldier was killed that day at
Big Horn along with a few Native Americans.
Following the success of the battle, Sitting Bull
and his followers headed for Canada.
Sitting Bull remained a powerful force among
his people, and upon his return to the U.S.
would counsel the tribal chiefs who greatly
valued his wisdom.
Shortly after his return, the federal government
again wanted to break up the tribal lands.
They persuaded several "government appointed
chiefs" to sign an agreement, whereby the
reservation was to be divided up.
Missing from the list of recipients was Sitting
Bull's name. Jealousy and fighting among the
Lakota eventually led to his death. It was
reported that he was murdered by tribal police
who had been sent to arrest him.
Chief Joseph – Nez Perce
“I Will Fight No More Forever”
Surrender Speech by Chief Joseph of the Nez
Perce
I am tired of fighting.
Our chiefs are killed.
Looking Glass is dead.
Toohulhulsote is dead.
The old men are all dead.
It is the young men who say yes or no.
He who led the young men is dead.
It is cold and we have no blankets.
The little children are freezing to death.
My people, some of them, have run away to the
hills and have no blankets, no food.
No one knows where they are--perhaps freezing
to death.
I want to have time to look for my children and
see how many I can find.
Maybe I shall find them among the dead.
Hear me, my chiefs.
I am tired.
My heart is sick and sad.
From where the sun now stands, I will fight no
more forever.
Land Lost by Indians to 1890
Highlighting Land Lost 1784-1850 and Land Lost 1851-1890
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
WOUNDED KNEE
The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 is known as the event that
ended the last of the Indian wars in America. As the year came to
a close, the Seventh Cavalry of the United States Army brought
an horrific end to the century-long U.S. government-Indian armed
conflicts.
On December 29, devotees of the newly created Ghost Dance
religion made a lengthy trek to the Pine Ridge Reservation.
Members of the Miniconjou Sioux (Lakota) tribe led by Chief
Big Foot and the Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) followers of the
recently slain, Sitting Bull, attempted to escape arrest by fleeing
south through the rugged terrain of the Badlands. There nearly
300 Lakota men, women, and children -- old and young -- were
massacred.
Native Cultures Destroyed
• Loss of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, fuel, and
tools.
• Loss of Indian Cultures due to Christian missionaries
idea that Indians needed to be “civilized”
• Dawes Act of 1887 – forced Indians onto permanent
lands. Land was not suitable for farming and most Indians not interested.
Land was sold to speculators.
• Indian Land opened to settlers by government. Loss of
buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, fuel, and tools.
End of the Frontier
• Territories applied for and became states
• National parks established to preserve land.
• 1890 Census Bureau claims there is no longer a frontier
Frontier Myths
Frontier Myths
The Romantic
Image of the
Cowboy
hero
Frontier Realities
Diverse Western Settlers
Women
Chinese and Japanese
African Americans
miner
outlaw
gang leader
righteous
defender of
justice
Impact on the Land
Native American Cultures
Wiped out the Buffalo
Destroyed mountains and wildlife
Frontier Myths and Reality
Frontier Myth
Frontier Reality
The typical Western settler was a
restless, adventurous white male.
Settlers: male. Female, white, and
minorities
The American frontier was a land of
unlimited economic opportunity.
The western economy experienced
alternate boom and bust periods.
Frontiersmen upheld democratic
ideals.
Western settlers upheld democracy for
themselves, but many did not extend it to
minorities such as Native Americans and
Asians
The settlement of the West
represented progress.
Western settlement damaged the land and
depleted natural resources.
People in the West were colorful,
heroic, and larger than life.
Legendary characters were based on the
greatly exaggerated exploits of real
western figures.
The West was the place in which
young men could resist the forces of
civilization that had made easterners
soft.
Tough, inventive pioneer women
experienced many of the same hardships
as men.
Frontier Myths
The Wild West: Some elements of the frontier myths were true. Yet, many wild towns
of the West calmed down fairly quickly or disappeared.
Taming the
Frontier
By the 1880s, the frontier had many churches and a variety of social groups. Major
theatrical productions toured growing western cities. The East had come West.
The End of
the Frontier
By 1890, the United States Census Bureau announced the official end of the frontier.
The population in the West had become dense, and the days of free western land
had come to an end.
In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the frontier had played a
key role in forming the American character. The Turner Thesis, as his view came to
be called, stated that frontier life created Americans who were socially mobile, ready
for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy.
Turner’s
Frontier
Thesis
Myths in
Literature,
Shows, and
Song
The Wild West remains fixed in popular culture and continues to influence how
Americans think about themselves. Many stereotypes–exaggerated or
oversimplified descriptions of reality, and frontier myths persist today despite our
deeper understanding of the history of the American West.
Westward Expansion
Causes
•Big businesses put western
land up for sale
•Morrill Land-Grant Act
provides state government
with millions of acres to sell.
•Homestead Act give land to
settlers willing to farm
•European immigrants, people
seeking opportunity, and
people fleeing racial prejudice
in the East seek land in the
West.
•California Gold Rush draws
thousands of fortune seekers.
Effects
•Violence erupts
between settlers and
Native Americans.
•Many Native American
groups are destroyed or
displaced.
•Challenges of prairie
farming lead to
increased
mechanization.
•Bonanza farms and
cattle ranching
industries develop.
•Frontier myths
influence national
identity.
Jackson’s Successors
• Ill health led Jackson to
choose not to run for a
third term. His Vice
President, Martin Van
Buren, was elected
President in the 1836
election.
Martin Van Buren
Eighth President
1837-1841
Van Buren lacked Jackson’s popularity. In addition, an economic
depression occurring during Van Buren’s term led many voters to
support the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, in the next
election.
William Henry Harrison
Ninth President
1841
A month after taking office as President in
1841, Harrison died of pneumonia.
John Tyler
Tenth President
1841-1845
Harrison’s Vice President, John Tyler, took over as President. Tyler had been
chosen for strategic reasons, and the Whigs had never expected him to assume
the presidency. Tyler blocked much of the Whig program, leading to four years
of political deadlock.
Hispanic North America
Spanish Colonies
•In the late 1700s, Spain
faced growing threats to its
North American territory.
•The Spanish government
tried to ease these threats
by establishing better
relations with the
Comanche and the Navajo.
•Spain also attempted to
secure the area that is the
present-day state of
California. B
•eginning in the late 1700s,
Spanish soldiers and priests
built a network of missions
and presidios, or forts,
along the California
coastline.
California and New Mexico
•Presidios and missions in
California thrived, due in
part to the Native
Americans who were forced
to work for them.
•Spanish settlements in
present-day Texas and New
Mexico were not as
successful.
•Settlements in New
Mexico began to revive in
the late 1700s.
Mexican Independence
• Mexico gained its independence from Spain
through the Treaty of Córdoba, signed on
August 24, 1821.
• The new government in Mexico loosened the
rules affecting trade with American merchants.
• As a result, the northern parts of Mexico,
including present-day California, New Mexico,
and Texas, began trading more with the United
States than with other parts of Mexico.
• In 1833, the Mexican government took control
of California’s missions and farmland and
handed them over to wealthy, influential
Mexican citizens.
• These new Mexican policies allowed the United
States to develop strong economic ties with
California and New Mexico long before it
gained political control over these territories.
Texas Independence
Mexico and American
Settlers
•Mexican policy in the
1820s encouraged
American immigration.
•By 1830, more Americans
than Mexicans lived in
Texas.
•As their numbers swelled,
Americans demanded more
political control.
•In particular, they wanted
slavery to be guaranteed
under Mexican law.
Santa Anna and Texan SelfRule
•In 1833, General Antonio
López de Santa Anna took
power in Mexico, soon
making himself dictator.
•Santa Anna’s actions
united Texans behind the
cause of self-rule.
•A clash between settlers
and Mexican troops in
October 1835 began the
Texas War for
Independence, with Sam
Houston commanding the
rebel forces.
Texas Fights for Independence
• At the Battle of the Alamo in December 1835, Santa Anna held rebel
forces under siege for 13 days before overcoming the Texan Alamo
fortress. Over 100 Texans were killed.
• On March 2, 1836, Texans formally declared the founding of an
Independent Republic of Texas.
• On April 28, with shouts of “Remember the Alamo!” Sam Houston lead
900 Texans to the San Jacinto River where they defeated Santa Anna’s
troops and forced him to sign a treaty recognizing the Republic of
Texas.
• Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president and drafted a
constitution modeled on that of the United States.
• The constitution included a provision which prevented the Texas
Congress from interfering with slavery.
• The Texas War for Independence would influence United States
relations with Mexico as well as the issue of slavery in America.
Annexation of Texas
• During the 1830s and 1840s, many
Americans favored expanding Unites States
territory.
• After winning its independence from Mexico,
Texas voted in 1836 to be annexed, or
joined, to the United States.
• Most Southerners and Democrats approved
of annexing Texas, hoping to create
additional slave states out of the Texas
territory.
• Northerners and Whigs, though, did not want
to shift the balance of power to the South.
Both sides also worried that annexation
would lead to war with Mexico.
• Texas was annexed in early 1845, and
became the twenty-eighth state in the Union
later that year.
James K. Polk
Eleventh President
1845-1849
Why Stop at Texas?
• President Polk wanted the territory all the
way to the Pacific
• He offered to buy the land for $30 million
• Polk sent troops to “defend the border” –
Mexican troops fired on the soldiers, and
Polk had an excuse to seize Mexican lands
• With American blood lost on American Soil,
Polk convinced Congress to declare war…
The Mexican War 1846-1848
• Beginnings of the Mexican War
– A dispute over the southern border of Texas
– President Polk’s dreams of acquiring Mexican lands
– and a skirmish in April 1846 led to the Mexican War.
• The United States declared war on May 13, 1846
• The Bear Flag Revolt
– Before news of the war had reached California,
settlers there declared an independent Republic of
California. The uprising became known as the Bear
Flag Revolt after the bear pictured on the new
republic’s flag.
• By January 1847, United States forces had taken
control of the territories of New Mexico and
California.
• The fighting continued in Mexico until September
14, 1847, when America captured Mexico City,
the capital of Mexico.
• 1848 the war ended with an American victory
The
Mexican
War
The Mexican
War provided
an opportunity
to extend
America’s
borders across
the continent.
The Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe
Results of the Mexican War
Hidalgo
•The Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo ended the Mexican
War with substantial gains
for the United States.
•In the treaty, Mexico
recognized the Rio Grande
as the border of Texas and
gave up its claims to Texas,
California, and New Mexico
in return for $15 million.
Gadsden Purchase 1853
• Five years later, Mexico
sold 30,000 square miles of
land to the United States
for $10 million. This
included land that became
southern New Mexico and
Arizona.
•The Mexican War, together
with the Gadsden Purchase
and the 1846 division of
Oregon, established the
borders of the continental
United States as they are
today.
•In Mexico, bitterness
developed toward the
United States that would
last for decades.
•New American territory in
the West opened the door
to an even larger wave of
western migration.
The Wilmot Proviso
• Another important effect of the Mexican War
was its role in bringing the question of
slavery to the forefront of American politics.
• Congress faced a decision about whether or
not to allow slavery in the newly acquired
territories. Its decision could tip the balance
of political power toward either the North or
the South.
• The Wilmot Proviso - first attached to an
1846 bill, stated that slavery would be
forbidden in new territories acquired from
Mexico.
• The Wilmot Proviso never became law.
However, it revealed the growing gap
between the North and the South over
slavery.
Zachary Taylor
Twelfth President
1849-1850
Protestant Revivalists
The Revivalist Movement
•During the early 1800s, a
social reform movement
rooted in Protestant
religious faith emerged.
•The reformers believed
that God was all-powerful
but that God allowed
people to make their own
destinies.
•Revivalists gave speeches,
helped slaves escape, and
worked for women’s right
to vote and other social
issues.
Notable Reformers
•Charles Grandison Finney
of New York was a lawyer
and Presbyterian minister
who emphasized
individuals’ power to
reform themselves.
•Lyman Beecher was also
an important revivalist
figure. He taught that good
people would make a good
country, and he raised 13
children, including reformer
Catherine Beecher and
antislavery author Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
The Transcendentalists
• A philosophical movement called transcendentalism
emerged among writers and philosophers in New
England. Transcendentalists believed that through a
process of spiritual discovery and insight, people could
rise above, or transcend, the material world.
• Transcendentalists taught that people should live selfreliant, moral lives. To many, this meant helping to
reform society.
• Two transcendentalist writers became renowned figures.
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Essays and Henry David Thoreau’s
Walden earned them worldwide fame as well as a place
in the American literary tradition.
The Temperance Movement
• The most widespread social reform movement during the early
1800s was the temperance movement, an organized campaign to
eliminate alcohol consumption.
• Temperance reformers opposed alcohol consumption, arguing
that it threatened family life and caused employee absenteeism.
• Members of the movement encouraged people to take pledges of
abstinence, or refraining from doing something, in this case
drinking alcohol. They also worked for political change to ban
the sale of alcohol.
• Some states, beginning with Maine in 1851, passed laws banning
the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. However,
protests soon led to the lax enforcement or the repeal of most of
these laws.
Public Education
Emergence of Public Education
Desire for Public Education
• Beginning in the 1820s, many working-class and middleclass Americans demanded tax-supported public schools.
They felt that a democracy required citizens who were
literate, informed, and morally upright.
Opposition Views
• Others did not want their tax money to support schools.
Many rural families depended on their children’s labor and
did not want them to be required to attend school.
Horace Mann
• Horace Mann helped Massachusetts pioneer school reform,
encouraging other states to do the same. He also
established the grade level system, consistent curricula, and
teacher training programs.
Moral Education
• Early public education was designed to teach Protestant
moral values as well as reading and other skills. Students
learned thrift, obedience, honesty, and temperance from
books such as McGuffey’s Readers.
The Limits to Reform
• African Americans and girls often did not have the same
opportunity to attend school that white boys did. When
African Americans did attend schools, they were often
segregated, or separated according to their race.
Reforming Prisons
• In the early 1800s, many states built prisons
to house people who had committed crimes.
These prisons were supposed to allow
inmates to reflect on their sins and possibly
later rejoin society as law-abiding citizens.
• Beginning in 1841, Boston schoolteacher
Dorothea Dix visited prisons and found
deplorable conditions. These conditions
included crowded living spaces, lack of heat,
lack of proper food and clothing, and lack of
treatment for mentally ill inmates.
• Dix submitted a report of her findings to the
Massachusetts legislature. Her testimony
convinced Massachusetts and other states to
improve prison conditions and to build
separate hospitals for the mentally ill.
Utopian Communities
• Instead of working for larger reform, some reformers
aimed to create small societies dedicated to social and
political perfection. These societies, called utopian
communities, arose across the United States.
• One of the most well-known utopian communities was
New Harmony in Indiana, founded in 1825 by Scottish
industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen.
• Most utopian communities were religiously oriented.
One group in particular, the Shakers, aimed to lead lives
of productive labor, moral perfection, and equality.
• Despite their goals, most utopian communities, including
New Harmony, fell victim to laziness, selfishness, and
quarreling.
Private Roles for Women
Cultural and Legal Limits on
Women
•Industrialization meant
that many women,
especially in comfortable
households in the North,
were freed from some
household chores and given
more time to devote to
other tasks.
•Women were expected to
raise children, entertain
guests, perform community
service, and complete tasks
around the house. These
cultural norms were backed
by laws such as those that
prevented women from
voting or prevented
married women from
owning property.
Reform at Home
•Some reformers, including
Catherine Beecher, sought
reform within the rules of
the time.
•Beecher helped establish
the Hartford Female
Seminary, where she also
taught.
•Beecher’s A Treatise on
Domestic Economy offered
women household advice
and inspired them to help
build a stronger America
through their work in the
home.
Public Roles for Women
Fighting for Reform
•For many women,
participating in the reform
movements of the late
1800s was a first taste of
life outside the home.
•Women participated in
many aspects of reform,
including writing, speaking,
and marching in parades to
support their cause.
•Through these activities,
many middle-class women
became aware both of their
inferior position in society
and of their ability to fight
to change it.
Fighting for Abolition
•Many women entered the
public world of politics by
participating in the fight to
end slavery.
•Women saw parallels
between their status and
that of African Americans.
•Some men objected to
women’s participation in
the abolitionist movement,
believing that women
should use their influence
only within their families.
A Women’s Rights Movement
• American women delegates to the
first World Anti-Slavery Convention
in London, England, in 1840 were
outraged when the convention
voted to prohibit women from
participating.
• Two of these women, Lucretia Mott
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, turned
their anger into action. In 1848,
they organized their own
convention on women’s rights.
The Seneca Falls Convention
• The women’s rights convention that Mott and Stanton organized,
called the Seneca Falls Convention, was the first of its kind in
United States history.
• At the convention, Stanton read her Declaration of Sentiments, a
document which echoed the language of the Declaration of
Independence.
• The convention passed 12 resolutions, including a controversial
one calling for suffrage, or the right to vote, for women. Women
opposed to suffrage argued that women should use their
influence only within their homes.
• No African American woman attended the convention. Although
many found the abolitionist movement to be a more pressing
concern, some, including Sojourner Truth, were active in the
women’s movement as well.
Progress for Women’s Rights
Although some gains came more slowly, many women began attending college and
taking on careers in fields previously reserved for men. Some notable women of this
period include:
•
In 1851, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first American woman to earn a
medical diploma.
•
Maria Mitchell became the nation’s first female astronomer, becoming
highly successful in her field.
•
Author and editor Margaret Fuller criticized cultural traditions that
restricted women’s roles.
•
Editor Sarah Josepha Hale published articles about women’s issues for
almost 50 years.