Transcript USHC-5 Lecture Slides

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC Standard 5: The student will
develop an understanding of domestic
and foreign developments that
contributed to the emergence of the
United States as a world power in the
20th century
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC 5.1 Analyze the development of American
expansionism, including the change from isolationism to
intervention and the rationales for imperialism based on Social
Darwinism, expanding capitalism, and domestic tensions.
• In his Farewell Address, President Washington advised
America to steer clear of ‘entangling alliances’, due to
domestic interests and limited military capacity
• American expansionism changed in the late 19th century
 Formerly for land hunger, now to secure markets
• Alaska in 1867 was the last land to be added to the U.S.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Alaska
(Purchased 1867…Statehood 1959)
Secretary of State William Seward purchased
Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
• Critics mocked “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s Folly”
as a useless frozen tundra
• Valuable resources, including timber, and oil, were found
 Alaska later discovered Gold in 1896
• Alaska also doubled the size of America’s territory
Alaska was the
last land to be
added as a state
(1959)
Hawaii (1898)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• In the 1790s, American planters established sugar cane
plantations in Hawaii. Planters later gained control
• In 1893, U.S. sugar cane planters, along with U.S.
Marines, overthrew the Queen and took over Hawaii
• Reason was to avoid paying tariffs on shipments to U.S.
• President McKinley backed annexation when he took
office. In 1898, Congress voted to annex Hawaii
American Imperialism
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The policy of extending the rule or authority of
an empire or nation over foreign countries
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
American
Imperialism (continued)
Imperialist nations looked for
economic benefits
$$$$$$$$$$$
• The U.S. moved from isolationism to intervention:
 Expanding capitalism increased the need for raw
materials and new markets
• Depression, strikes and farmer unrest demonstrated
some of the domestic tensions in the 1890’s
• Overseas markets were potential outlets for American
produce and manufactured products
 This would increase demand for U.S. farm products
and ensure continuous production for U.S. factories
Importance of Naval Power
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”,
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that many
great nations owed their greatness to naval power
Growing nationalism fostered the desire to expand U.S.
naval power: Purpose was to:
Compete with other nations
Protect trade and secure markets
Spread Christianity
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Imperialists justified their actions based on
beliefs about their own racial, national, and
cultural superiority
• Social Darwinism fostered the idea that Americans
were superior to other cultures and countries and
should expand to fulfill the nation’s destiny
• Americans believed God granted the white man the
right to settle the frontier. They spoke of their
“Manifest Destiny”
U.S. becomes a World Power
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Developments in other countries contributed to the U.S.’s
emergence as a world power, including:
 Competition for markets among the European nations
 Fights for liberation in Latin America, especially Cuba
• Expansionism led the U.S. to: spread ideas, religion and
capitalism; also initiated resentment of U.S. interference
U.S. became a world power with their involvement
in the Spanish-American War (Apr – Aug 1898)
Spanish-American War
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States expanded
overseas after 1850
1853 Commodore Matthew Perry’s fleet entered Tokyo
Bay, persuading Japan to trade with the United States
1867
Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska
from Russia
1867 United States obtained Midway Islands in the Pacific
1898 Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii
1898 The Spanish-American War gave the U.S. control of the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.1
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
What advise did Washington give during his Farewell Address?
a. advised America to steer clear of ‘entangling alliances
2. How did American expansionism change in the 19th century
a. Formerly for land hunger, now to secure markets.
3. Extending authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries?
a. Imperialism
4. U.S. policy moved from _____________ to ________________
a. Isolationism to Intervention
5. Expanding capitalism increased the need for?
a. Raw materials and New Markets
6. What demonstrated some of the domestic tensions?
a. Depression, strikes and farmer unrest
7. Who said great nations owed their greatness to naval power
a. Historian Alfred T. Mahan
8. Give 3 reasons America desired to expand U.S. naval power:
a. Compete with other nations -- Trade -- Spread Christianity
9. What fostered the idea Americans were superior to other cultures?
a. Social Darwinism
10. How did countries help the U.S.’s emergence as a world power?
a. Competition for markets and fights to liberate Latin America
11. U.S. initiated status as a world power with their involvement in the?
a.
Spanish-American War
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Page 142
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC 5.2 Explain the influence of the Spanish-American
War on the emergence of the United States as a world
power, including the role of yellow journalism in the
American declaration of war against Spain, United States
interests and expansion in the South Pacific, and the
debate between pro- and anti-imperialists over annexation
of the Philippines
Involvement of the United States in the Spanish-American
War marked America’s emergence as a world power
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What were the causes and effects of the
Spanish-American War?
Causes
1. American economic interests
2. Growth of a national imperialist spirit, and…
3. An aggressive Yellow Press
Effects
1. United States acquired colonies, and…
2. Became a world power
Yellow Press: Newspapers that used sensational
headlines and exaggerated stories to get readers
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1895, Cuban patriot José Martí launched
a war for independence from Spain
Spanish General
Valeriano Weyler
was brutal in his
attempts to stop
Martí’s guerrilla
attacks
Tens of
thousands of
rural farmers
died of disease
and starvation in
reconcentration
camps
The sympathetic
Yellow Press
published emotional
headlines in the
United States that
exaggerated
Spanish atrocities
Yellow Press: Newspapers that used sensational
headlines and exaggerated stories to get readers
Spanish-American War (Apr – Aug 1898)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Involvement of the United States in the Spanish-American
War marked America’s emergence as a world power
• Why did the U.S. get involved in Cuba?
 Sympathy for democratic dreams of the Cuban rebels
 Domestic tensions and expanding capitalism pushed
the U.S. to find new markets
 Push for increased naval power
o The expanded navy helped prepare America for
involvement world-wide
Yellow Journalism leads to War
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Competition for sales between rival newspapers in New
York led to sensationalism, made worse by the…
 Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine: Blew up near Cuba
 DeLome letter: Spanish letter calling McKinley weak
• Yellow journalism led to a public outcry for involvement
 Headlines screamed, “Remember the Maine”
• These factors put pressure on President McKinley to ask
Congress for a declaration of war
Initial result of the war
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Expansion of U.S. with the:
 Annexation of Hawaii (not related to war) and…
 Capture of the Philippines
 These islands offered fueling stops on the way to the
markets of the Far East
• Anti-Imperialists argued against annexation of the
Philippines because Filipinos could never be citizens
• President McKinley said it was U.S. responsibility to govern
the Filipinos who were incapable of governing themselves
• Social Darwinism and racial prejudices played a role in
both arguments and in Jim Crow laws against black voting
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
End
of The Spanish-American War
• War ended with the Treaty of Paris
• The Treaty recognized U.S. ownership of the Philippines,
Wake Island, Guam and Puerto Rico and control of Cuba
• The U.S. soon faced armed resistance in the Philippines
• Supreme Court ruled ‘Constitution does not follow the
flag’ so subject peoples did not have rights as citizens
• Unlike the west, these lands were not offered statehood
• Perception of the U.S. among subject peoples changed
from a champion of liberty to a colonial power, just like
Europeans
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.2
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
Why did the U.S. fight the Spanish-American War?
a. Sympathy for the democratic aspirations of the Cuban rebels
2. What pushed U.S. to find new markets and impelled involvement in the war?
a. Pressures from domestic tensions, expanding capitalism, growing Navy
3. What three external pressures led to the Spanish-American War?
a. Yellow Journalism, U.S.S. Maine explosion and the DeLome Letter.
4. Which U.S. President asked Congress for a Declaration of War with Spain?
a. President McKinley
5. What reason did McKinley give for the U.S. controlling the Philippines?
a. He said the Filipinos were incapable of governing themselves
6. What played a role in controlling the Philippines and denying citizenship
a. Social Darwinism and racial prejudices
7. What other areas did the U.S. gain after the Spanish-American War?
a. Philippines Wake Island, Guam and Puerto Rico and control of Cuba
8. What did the Supreme Court say about territories taken over by America?
a. Supreme Court ruled that the ‘Constitution does not follow the flag’ so
subject peoples did not have rights as citizens
9. How did the new lands taken during the Spanish American War differ from
US Westward Expansion?
a. These new lands were not offered statehood
10. How did perception of the U.S. among subject peoples change?
a. Changed from a champion of liberty to a colonial power, like Europeans
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Page 144
American Expansion in the Pacific
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC 5.3 Summarize United States foreign policies in
different regions of the world during the early twentieth
century, including the purposes and effects of the Open
Door policy with China, the United States role in the
Panama Revolution, Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick
diplomacy,” William Taft’s “dollar diplomacy,” and Woodrow
Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” and changing worldwide
perceptions of the United States.
The Great White Fleet
American Expansion in the Pacific
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1899, China was being exploited by European powers
• As US Foreign Policy changed from Isolationism (avoiding
the world) to Imperialism (taking over other counties);
based on the need for new markets
 China and Latin America policy became more assertive
• In China, European countries had special trade privileges
in areas called ‘spheres of influence,’ or zones in which
they enjoyed special access to ports and markets
 The U.S. did not have such a sphere
 To open trade with China, U.S. issued diplomatic notes
asking that all powers allow equal opportunity to trade
This Open Door Policy, or desire for free trade
with China, guided future U.S. actions
The Boxer Rebellion
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Open Door Policy was not to help China; it did
lead to increased economic opportunity for the U.S.
• Success of the Open Door Policy was due to relationship
of the U.S. with the leading world power, Great Britain
• Boxer Rebellion: When Chinese nationalists called the
“Boxers” by Europeans, resisted foreign encroachment,
the U.S. led the multinational effort to stop the Boxer
Rebellion, further alienating the Chinese
 In 1900, Chinese secret societies began attacking
foreigners and missionaries
 They killed Chinese converts to Christianity
• Called “Boxers” because they trained in martial arts
 It took 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans
to put down the Boxer Rebellion
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Page 146
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States and Latin America
(1900–1916)
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American
Economic Interests in Latin America
Platt Amendment (U.S. controls Cuba)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The U.S.’ involvement in Latin America increased
after the Spanish American War (1898)
• The Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution
brought about American supervision over Cuban affairs
and right to lease a military base at Guantanamo Bay
The Platt Amendment made it a protectorate of
the United States, which retained the rights to:
 approve or reject any treaty signed by Cuba
 intervene to preserve order in Cuba
 lease military bases in Cuba
Cuba finally became independent in 1902
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Panama
Canal…(Built 1904-1913)
Reduced travel time between Atlantic and Pacific ocean
 Helped U.S. Navy ship deployments
• American imperialism in Latin America was manifested
in support for the Panama Revolution, construction of the
Panama Canal and American control of the canal:
• Colombia refused to accept offer for Isthmus of Panama,
so Teddy Roosevelt sent gunboats to support a revolution
 The leader of the revolt signed a
treaty giving exclusive rights to
build a canal to the United States
 This alienated the Colombians, but
gave the U.S. a foothold in Central
America for almost a century
Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine): His
Corollary (addition), described the U.S. as a policeman to
keep Europe from intervening in the Western Hemisphere
• T. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” diplomacy increased the
profile of the United States on the world scene
 The “Big Stick”, represented use of the U.S. military
• The U.S. intervened in Central American countries
 Taking over customs houses and collecting taxes to pay
trade debts to take away European excuses to invade
• President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on a trip
around the world to show off America’s naval Superiority
8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TheTEKSUnited
States and Latin America
In 1909, William Howard Taft became President.
 He replaced the “Big Stick,” which was unpopular
among Latin Americans, with “Dollar diplomacy”
• President Taft promised to protect U.S. businesses in
Latin America with a guarantee of U.S. intervention if
any problems arose, increasing investment and control
President Woodrow Wilson vowed to use ‘Moral
diplomacy’ to intervene in Mexico to ‘teach Mexicans to
elect good men’ while supporting American businessmen
Each U.S. President:
1. Involved the U.S. more in the Western Hemisphere
2. Angered the neighbors of the U.S. in the hemisphere
3. Increased America’s role in world affairs
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
U.S.
Interventions in Latin America
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.3
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
Why did the Policy changed from isolationism to imperialism?
a. based on the need for new markets
2. Name the Chinese nationalists who resisted foreign encroachment?
a. “The Boxers”…The Boxer Rebellion
3. Who were the Boxers and what did they do?
a. Chinese secret society that attacked foreigners and missionaries
4. What gave the U.S. the right to set up Guantanamo Navy base in Cuba?
a. The Platt Amendment
5. How was the U.S. able to build the Panama Canal
a. Supported a revolution of Panamanian rebels against Columbia
6. What described the U.S. as policemen to control European powers
a. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
7. What phrase describes Roosevelt’s policy in dealing with other countries?
a. “Big Stick” diplomacy
8. In what ways did the U.S. intervene in Central American countries?
a. Took over customs houses and collected taxes to pay trade debts
9. Why did Roosevelt send the Great White Fleet on a trip around the world?
a. To show off America’s naval superiority
10. What were Presidents Taft and Wilson’s foreign policy changes called?
a. “Dollar Diplomacy” and “Moral Diplomacy” as opposed to “Big Stick”
11. Each U.S. President (Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson) did what three things
a. Involved in Western Hemisphere--Angered Neighbors--World Affairs
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Page 149
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Section 5.4
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC 5.4 Analyze the causes and consequences of
United States involvement in World War I, including the
failure of neutrality and the reasons for the declaration of
war, the role of propaganda in creating a unified war
effort, the limitation of individual liberties, and Woodrow
Wilson’s leadership in the Treaty of Versailles and the
creation of the League of Nations.
• Role of nationalism and alliances in bringing about war
 Nationalism: spurred competition in military strength
and led nations to establish military alliances
o Alliance = a promise of assistance when attacked
• Nation refers to a group of people who share a common
language, religion, history and traditions
• Not all nations had states; many were part of empires
 Ethnic and idea differences led to conflict in empires
What caused World War I (1914-1918)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism, and Entangling
Alliances combined to drag Europe into a world war
• U.S. tried to remain neutral honoring tradition
 Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine
warfare led to the U.S. entering World War 1 in 1917
Militarism
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Nations stockpiled new technology, including
machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, submarines,
and airplanes
Militarism:
combined with
nationalism, led
to an arms race
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Cause of World War I
• The igniting incident was the assassination of AustriaHungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian
• Confrontation between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
involved much of Europe due to the alliance system
 Alliance: Formal agreement of mutual protection
The assassination
triggered a chain
of events that
drew two sets of
allies into a bloody
conflict
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Europe’s alliance system caused the conflict to
spread quickly, creating two main combatants
• Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia
• Central Powers: mainly Germany and Austria-Hungary
WW1 Limited U.S. Trade
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• The US declared neutrality at the outbreak of the war but
Germany’s unrestricted use of submarines ended that
• Traditional trading with Great Britain and the blockade of
German ports by the British limited US trade with Germany
• US businesses made loans to the Allies to continue trade
• US opinions impacted by traditional connection to England
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The era’s deadly defensive weapons made attacks
difficult and dangerous
• Neither side could overcome the other’s defenses, and a
stalemate quickly developed
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
German
use of Submarine Warfare
• German use of the submarine affected public opinion and
isolated President Wilson, due to the loss of innocent lives
• The German U-boat sinking of British passenger ship, the
Lusitania, brought protest from President Wilson but not
war (over 100 Americans died on the ship)
• Sussex Pledge: As a result of American protests,
Germany pledged to restrict their use of the submarine
 Later broke the pledge, leading to US entering WW1
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Americans were angry about the Lusitania. Germany failed
to keep its promise not to sink any more passenger ships
Wilson
wanted
peace, but
prepared for
war
Woodrow Wilson
campaigned for
re-election on the
slogan “he kept
us out of war”
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.4 (Part 1)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What two things played a role in causing WW1, and explain each?
a. Nationalism and Alliances
People who share a common language, religion, history and traditions?
a. A Nation
What four things played a role in causing WW1, and explain each?
a. nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and entangling alliances
The igniting incident of the War was…?
a. Assassination of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Name the opposing Powers of WW1 and the countries that made up each.
a. Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and LATER the U.S.)…
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary.
What was the Unite States position at the start of WW1?
a. Neutrality
What Central Powers action affected public opinion and alienated Wilson?
a. German use of Submarines
What Central Powers action brought protests from President Wilson?
a. German U-boat’s sinking of British passenger ship, the Lusitania,
Wilson campaigned for re-election in 1916 on what slogan?
a. “he kept us out of war.”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Why
America Entered World War 1
• Interception and publication by the British of Germany’s
Zimmerman note to Mexico impacted US public opinion
 Germany requested alliance with Mexico against U.S.
 Told Mexico they would get back land lost to the U.S.
Two events led President Wilson to ask Congress
to declare war on the Central Powers
1. Decision of Germany to resume unrestricted submarine
warfare
2. Wilson’s desire to broker a just peace
• Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war (Apr 1917)
• Wilson announced his intention to “make the world safe for
democracy” and later issued his “14 Points” peace plan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1917, the United States needed to increase
the size of its army
•
President Wilson called for volunteers
•
Congress passed the Selective
Service Act (the Draft)
•
More than 4 million U.S. soldiers were
sent to Europe
President Wilson’s 14 Point Peace Plan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
•
Wilson proposed: freedom of the seas, end to secret
treaties, arms reduction, self-determination of peoples,
and an international peace organization
•
Wilson’s postwar vision was: “peace without victory”
•
Because of American involvement, the last German push
on the western front in France was deflected and the
Armistice of Nov 11, 1918 ended the fighting
 This is why Veteran’s Day is November 11th each year
•
Wilson went to Versailles, France for a peace conference
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Home Front in World War I
• Propaganda created a united war effort at the expense
of individual liberties
 Propaganda = Information, of a biased or misleading
nature, used to promote a particular point of view
• Americans were persuaded to plant victory gardens, enlist
in the military and buy war bonds (to help pay for war)
 The war was financed through War Bonds and Taxes
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Home Front in World War I
• Wartime propaganda characterized Germans as “Huns”
and resulted in discrimination against German-Americans
• U.S. stopped teaching German in schools, restricted the
playing of German music and renamed German foods
• Passage of the Sedition Act restricted the liberties of
Americans to voice their objections to the war effort and
contributed to the post-war Red Scare
President Wilson’s 14 Point Peace Plan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Allies were determined to protect their
own national interests (and revenge)
• Wilson made concessions to get Allies to
support creating the League of Nations
• Treaty of Versailles: Ended WW1 and
imposed a war guilt clause and reparation
payments on Germany
 The War guilt clause, reparations and
borders laid the basis for World War 2
• To fulfill one Point and to eliminate
boundary disputes, new national borders
were drawn based on self determination
of peoples
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.4 (Part 2)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
Explain the Zimmerman Note and America’s reaction?
a. In this telegram, Germany tried to forge an alliance with Mexico against
the United States
2. What two events in 1917 led Wilson to declare war on the Central Powers?
a. (I) The decision of Germany to resume unrestricted submarine warfare
and (II) Wilson’s desire to broker a just peace
3. What did President Wilson announced as his intention in entering WW1?
a. To “make the world safe for democracy”
4. What affect, positive and negative, did Propaganda have during the war?
a. Created a united war effort at the expense of individual liberties.
5. Americans were persuaded to do what things to help the war effort?
a. Plant victory gardens, Enlist in the military and Buy war bonds
6. Discuss some of the wartime Propaganda against Germans and the effect?
a. Called Germans “Huns” and discrimination against German-Americans
7. What restricted liberty to voice war objections and led to the Red Scare?
a. Passage of the Sedition Act
8. What officially ended the war with Germany VERSES what ended WW1?
a. Armistice of 1918 VERSES Treaty of Versailles
9. What was Wilson’s Post-War vision and what did he propose to achieve it?
a. “Peace without Victory”…he issued his 14-Points Plan
10. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany?
a. Imposed a war guilt clause and reparations payments on Germany.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Pages 151 and 153
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
USHC 5.5 Analyze the United States rejection of
internationalism, including postwar disillusionment, the
Senate’s refusal to ratify the Versailles Treaty, the election
of 1920, and the role of the United States in international
affairs in the 1920s
Election of 1920
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Foreign policy belongs to the Executive Branch but
checks and balances requires the Senate ratify treaties
• Despite Wilson’s role in the Treaty of Versailles and his
desire for the U.S. to play a leading role in the League of
Nations, the Senate refused to ratify the treaty
• Senators worried the principle of Collective Security,
would require the U.S. become involved in military action
without the consent of the Senate
Cartoon highlights the fear that joining
the League of Nations would allow other
countries to tie America’s hands behind
our back and prevent us from defending
ourselves when we see fit
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Senate
rejects the Treaty of Versailles
• In part, rejection of the treaty was political partisanship
 Republican leadership in the Senate opposed ratification
• Wilson refused to compromise with the Republican Senate
 Took his case to the people on a cross country tour
 Attempted to secure the election of Senate Democrats
 Suffered a stroke on tour, still refused to compromise
• The U.S. later made a separate peace with Germany
Election of 1920
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Election of 1920 was really about the League of Nations
• Democratic candidate (Cox) supported Wilson’s idealism
• Republican (Harding) advocated a Return to ‘Normalcy’
 Really meant a return to U.S. Isolationism
• Public had responded to Wilson’s call to “make the world
safe for democracy,” but were disillusioned by the brutality
of war, cost in human life and the greed of the Allies
• The Republicans won in a landslide; Americans seemed to
have rejected internationalism in favor of isolationism
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Although the U.S. rejected collective security, it had not
rejected economic involvement with the rest of the world
• As a result of the war, the U.S. became: the world’s
leading economic power, the leading exporter, a major
creditor nation and the world’s financial capital
• America continued to be involved in Latin America and
tried to improve relations through the Good Neighbor
policy (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
• The U.S. never joined the League of
Nations, but participated in conferences
to limit the size of the world’s navies
Neutrality Acts
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• U.S helped the Germans to pay the war reparations
through a loan program
• U.S. took a hands-off approach to Europe as dictators
rose to power in Italy and Germany in the 20s and 30s
• After the Crash of 1929 signaled the start of the Great
Depression, Americans were too concerned with their
problems to pay attention to the storm in Europe
• Congressional hearings about how the U.S. became
involved in “the Great War” (WW1) led the Congress to
pass legislation to stop future involvement
 The Neutrality Acts would tie the hands of President
Roosevelt and delay U.S. involvement in World War II
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.5
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
How did the U.S. Senate respond to the Treaty of Versailles?
a. They refused to ratify it
2. What reason did Senators give for not ratifying the Treaty of Versailles?
a. Worried the principle of collective security, would require the U.S.
become involved in military action without the consent of the Senate
3. Why was rejection of the Treaty viewed as Political Partisanship?
a. Because it was the Senate Republicans who refused to ratify it.
4. How did President Wilson respond to rejection of the treaty?
a. Took his case to the American people on a cross country speaking tour.
5. What happened to President Wilson during his cross country speaking tour?
a. Suffered a stroke, but still refused to compromise with Republicans
6. Without ratifying the Treaty, how did the U.S. achieve peace with Germany?
a. Signed a separate peace deal with Germany
7. What was the 1920 Election really considered to be about and who won?
a. The League of Nations…Republican Warren G, Harding won
8. What did presidential candidate Harding advocate for during his campaign?
a. A Return to “Normalcy”
9. Republican election victories suggested Americans rejected___ / Favored___
a. Rejected Internationalism in favor of Isolationism
10. Why did Americans become disillusioned and turn away from Wilson?
a. Brutality of the war, the cost in human life and the greed of the Allies
REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.5 (Part 2)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How did the role of the U.S. in the world expand after the WW1?
a. Became: the world’s leading economic power, the leading exporter of
goods, a major creditor nation and the world’s financial capital
After WW1 how did America try to improve relations with Latin America?
a. Through the “Good Neighbor” policy
How did the U.S. help Germany after WW1?
a. Helped pay war reparations through a loan program.
How did U.S. involvement in Europe change after WW1?
a. Took a hands-off approach as dictators rose to power in Italy / Germany
What event signaled the beginning of the Great depression?
a. The stock market crash of 1929
What legislation was passed by Congress after hearings about the war?
a. Neutrality Acts
How would the Neutrality Acts affect America during WW2?
a. The Neutrality Acts would tie the hands of President Roosevelt and
delay U.S. involvement in World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Note Taking Study Guide
Pages 156 and 157
TEKS
8C: Calculate
percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms
and
People
• Yellow Press – newspapers that used sensational headlines and
exaggeration to promote readership
• Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit assembled by Theodore
Roosevelt, famous for their 1898 charge at San Juan Hill
• Treaty of Paris – ended the Spanish-American War and included U.S.
acquisition of Puerto Rico and the purchase of the Philippines
•
spheres of influence – zones in China that gave European powers
exclusive access to commerce
•
John Hay – Secretary of State who asserted the Open Door Policy
•
Boxer Rebellion – 1900 revolt by secret Chinese societies against
outside influences
•
Open Door Policy – Secretary of State John Hay’s policy of opposing
European colonies and spheres of influence in China
•
Great White Fleet – 1907 world cruise by an armada of U.S.
battleships to demonstrate American naval strength
8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TermsTEKS
and
People (continued)
•
Platt Amendment – set of conditions under which Cuba was granted
independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and
granting to the U.S. the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba
•
“big stick” diplomacy – Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to
international relations that depended on a strong military to achieve its
aims
•
Panama Canal – waterway dug across Panama to shorten the trip
between the Atlantic and the Pacific
•
Roosevelt Corollary – President Theodore Roosevelt’s reassertion of
the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from
intervention by European powers
•
“dollar diplomacy” – President Taft’s policy to encourage investment
rather than use force in Latin America
•
“moral diplomacy” – President Wilson’s statement that the U.S.
would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead
work to promote human rights
•
imperialism – policy by which stronger nations extend their political,
economic, and military, control over weaker territories
Terms and People (continued)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
•
Alfred T. Mahan – naval historian who pushed for naval power as the
basis for a great nation; urged the U.S. to build a modern fleet
•
Social Darwinism − belief that Darwin’s theory of the survival of the
fittest should be applied to societies, justifying imperialism
•
Queen Liliuokalani – Hawaiian monarch dethroned in 1893 by rebel
American planters in an action backed by U.S. Marines
•
militarism – glorification of the military
•
Francis Ferdinand – archduke of Austria-Hungary who whose
assassination in 1914 caused World War 1
•
Western Front − battle front between the Allies and Central Powers
in western Europe during World War I
•
U-boat – German submarine
•
Lusitania – British ship sunk by a German U-boat during World War I
•
Zimmermann note – a telegram in which the German foreign
minister named Zimmerman proposed an alliance with Mexico against
the United States
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Selective Service Act – law that established a military draft in 1917
• Great Migration – movement of African Americans in the twentieth
century from the rural South to the industrial North
•
John J. Pershing – General who led American forces in Europe
•
Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for lasting peace through
international openness and cooperation
•
self-determination – the right of people to choose their own form of
government
•
League of Nations – world organization to promote peaceful
cooperation between countries
•
reparations – payments for war damages
•
Red Scare – widespread fear of radicals and communists
•
creditor nation – a nation that lends more money than it borrows