Transcript John Quincy Adams

Chapter 7… ALL OF IT
• I’m sorry to do this too you all, but we are
behind and need to catch up…
Regional Economies Create
Differences
Chapter 7 Section 1
• During the 1800’s
many changes took
place in the United
States. For example,
moved from small
workshops to large
factories that used
machines. This change
was partly due to Eli
Whitney.
In 1798 Eli Whitney built a firearms factory near New Haven,
Connecticut. The muskets his workmen made by methods
comparable to those of modern mass industrial production
were the first to have standardized, interchangeable parts.
http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/about-eli-whitney/factory
These changes in manufacturing brought about Industrial
Revolution. This was the name given to the massive changes –
to both the economy and society – that resulted from the
growth of the factory system.
Industrialization in America took place primarily in the New
England states. As a result, people were willing to manufacture
goods.
• In 1793, Eli Whitney helped to further promote agriculture
by inventing the cotton gin. The machine helped to clean the
cotton and increased cotton production, which led to the
establishment of large cotton plantations.
• As a result, the number of slaves in the south nearly
doubled from 700,000 to 1,200,000 by the mid
1800’s.
• The Federal government also began improving the
nation’s transportation network. In 1811, the
government began building the National Road to
carry settlers west.
• In 1816, Congress voted to set up the Second bank
of the United States.
Nationalism at Center Stage
Chapter 7 Section 2
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams established a
foreign policy that was based on nationalism. This is a
belief that national interests as a whole should be more
important than what one region wants.
Nationalism
Shapes
Foreign
Policy
• Adams believed that foreign affairs should
be guided by this national interest.
• In 1817, Adams worked out a treaty with Great Britain
that reduced the number of both countries’ navy ships on
the Great Lakes. The United States and Great Britain also
agreed to settle boundary disputes in North America.
• Two years later,
Adams turned
his attention to
Florida. By this
time, most
Americans
assumed that
Spanish Florida
eventually would
become part of
the United
States.
• Spain responded by handing over Florida to the United
States in the Adams-Onís Treaty. Under the terms of
the treaty, Spain also gave up any claims it had on the
Oregon Treaty.
• In 1823, the fifth president, President James Monroe warned
European nations not to interfere with any nation in the Americas. In
return, the United States would stay out of European Affairs. This
statement is called the Monroe Doctrine.
• As a growing number of Americans settled there,
the West became more populated. As a result,
some territories were ready to become states.
• The issue of slavery made the process of becoming a new
state difficult. In order to appease both the North and the
South, Congress tried to keep an even number of slave and
free states, or states where slavery was prohibited.
• In 1819, Missouri asked to enter the union.
• At that time, the nation consisted of 11 free states
and 10 slave states.
• Southerners expected Missouri to become the 11th
slave state. However, the House of Representatives
passed a statehood bill that would allow Missouri to
gradually free its slaves.
• The debate over Missouri grew more intense after
Alabama was admitted as a slave state. This meant that
Missouri’s admittance would tip the scales in favor of
either the free or slave states.
• A crisis was adverted when Henry Clay crafted a series of
agreements known as the Missouri Compromise. Under the
compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state and
Missouri as a slave state.
• This preserved the balance between slave and free states.
In addition, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase was divided
into free and slave territory.
The Age of Jackson
Chapter 7 Section 3
• Andrew Jackson, a hero from the War of 1812, ran for
president in 1824 against John Quincy Adams. Neither
candidate received a majority of electoral votes and the
House of Representatives had to decide the winner.
Expanding
Democracy
Changes Politics
• Speaker of the House Henry Clay
disliked Jackson. He used his influence
to help Adams win the election.
Jackson’s followers accused Adams of stealing the election.
They called the relationship between John Quincy Adams
and Henry Clay a Corrupt Bargain.
• Jackson and his allies formed their own party – the
Democratic Party. Adams supporters called Jackson a
“Jack-Ass”. Jackson took the put down and made it his
party’s mascot.
• For the next four years, the new party
attacked Adams’ policies.
• With their help, Jackson won the following
presidential election by a landslide.
• By the early 1800’s, some Native American groups in the
Southeast began to take on the culture of their white
neighbors. These tribes – the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole,
Creek, and Chickasaw – were called the Five Civilized Tribes.
Removal
of Native
Americans
• Despite all this, settlers did not wish to live with Native
Americans. Instead, they wanted Native American land in
the South and West for farms.
• As a result, President Jackson decided to
remove the Native Americans from their
lands.
Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The law
ordered all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi
river.
In 1830, Jackson pressured the Chocktaw to sign a treaty that required
them to move from Mississippi. In 1831, he ordered U.S. troops to
forcibly remove the Sauk and Fox from their lands in Illinois and
Missouri. In 1832, he forced the Chickasaw to leave their lands in
Alabama and Mississippi.
• The Cherokee Nation, however, fought the Indian
Removal Act in court. Chief Justice Marshall ruled in
their favor. The Court said that the United States had no
right to take Cherokee land.
• But Andrew Jackson
refused to obey the
Court’s ruling. Instead,
federal agents signed a
treaty with a group of
Cherokee leaders willing
to leave their land.
Beginning in October and November of 1838, U.S. Army troops
began forcing the Cherokees’ to travel from Georgia to the new
Indian territory west of the Mississippi River.
• The 800 mile trip was made partly by steamboat and
railroad but mostly on foot.
• As the winter
came, more and
more Cherokee
died. Along the
way, government
officials stole the
Cherokees money,
while outlaws made
off with their
livestock. The
journey became
known as the Trail
of Tears because
more than a
quarter of the
travelers died on it.
State’s Rights and the National
Bank
Chapter 7 Section 4
A Tariff Raises the States’
Rights Issue
• Jackson’s vice
president was John
C. Calhoun of South
Carolina.
• The two men
opposed each other
over the Tariff of
1816.
• This was a tax that increased the price of foreign-made
goods. By 1828, the tariff had been raised twice.
• Although Calhoun supported the tariff at first, he came
to oppose it. He called it a Tariff of Abominations,
because he believed that it hurt the South.
• Southerners had little industry of their own.
• They believed that they were paying more for
goods in order to support industry in the North.
Calhoun believed the South had the right to disobey the tariff
based on the principle of nullification. This principle held that
states could nullify federal laws that they felt were
unconstitutional.
• Calhoun went even further. He believed that if the
government forbid a state from nullifying a federal
law, that state had the right to leave the union.
• South Carolina declared the new tariff invalid.
• The state threatened to secede, or leave the Union.
• This made President Jackson furious.
• He threatened to send troops to make South
Carolina obey the law.
Jackson Attacks the National
Bank
• South Carolina’s action wasn’t the only thing that
stirred Andrew Jackson’s anger.
• The President also took on the second national bank,
the Bank of the United States (BUS) in Philadelphia.
• Jackson viewed the bank as an agent of the wealthy
and elite – a group he deeply distrusted.
• Jackson tried to shut the bank down by taking money out
of it and putting it in other banks.
• In an attempt to save the bank, the bank’s president called
for all loans to be repaid.
• This caused many businesses to go bankrupt.
• As a result, the bank lost much support.
• In 1836 the national bank went out of business.
• As a result, these people formed a new political party.
• Known as the Whig Party, it tried to limit the power of
the presidency.