Transcript A Changing Nation

A Changing Nation
1815-1840
Building a National
Identity
Section 1
James Monroe – 5th President
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President James Monroe
◦ Republican
◦ Defeated Rufus King (Federalist) 183-34
◦ Federalist Party losing power
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Wanted to promote national unity
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Goodwill circuit of middle/northern states
Warmly greeting in Conn. and Mass.
Old arguments from War of 1812 fading
Local newspaper described sense of national
unity – Era of Good Feeling
◦ Ran for reelection in 1820 unopposed
The Era of Good Feeling
Many Americans believed the federal
government should work to increase the
economic prosperity in all regions of US
 Even the Republicans were in favor
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◦ Big change in belief
◦ Most had favored states’ rights
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Three new voices in Congress
◦ Great Triumvirate
◦ Immortal Trio
Building the National Economy
•Congressman from
Kentucky
•Speaker of the House
•Spoke for people in
the West
•“Henry of the West”
•Needed better roads
and canals to transport
goods
Henry Clay
Representative from
South Carolina
 Spoke for the interests of
the South
 First defender of national
unity – later states’ rights
 Opposed tariffs – raised
the price of goods that
Southerners bought
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John C. Calhoun
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Lawyer in New
Hampshire
Elected in 1827 –
Senator from Mass.
“The Great Orator”
Spoke for the Northeast
Initially was against
tariffs
But supported them
◦ way of protecting
Northeast industry
Daniel Webster
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First Bank of the United States
◦ Created by Congress – 1791
◦ Charter (gives rights to a person or company)
ran out in 1811
◦ Economy suffered
 states’ banks issued too much money
 made too many loans
 increase in spending, rising prices
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Second Bank of the United States – 1816
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20 year charter – privately owned
Lent money to individuals
Controlled the money supply
Boosted American business
Second Bank of the United States
Foreign competition
 Under Embargo Act
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◦ British goods kept out
◦ American industry grew rapidly
◦ Factories made textiles, smelted iron
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After War of 1812
◦ British factories produced goods cheaper
◦ Dumping – selling goods in another country
below market prices
◦ Caused dozens of New England businesses to
fail, investments collapsed, owners turned to
Congress for help
Economy after War of 1812
Put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather
goods, paper and other products
 1818, 1824 – higher tariffs
 Popular in the North – protected factories
 Resented in the South
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◦ Forced Southerners to pay more for goods
◦ John C. Calhoun vocal foe
◦ Felt northern manufacturers got rich at
expense of the South
Tariff of 1816
Proposed by Henry Clay
 High tariffs and federal program of public
works – would help all regions
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◦ Northern wealth buy southern and western
products
◦ Revenue for the federal government
◦ Use revenues for infrastructure – roads, bridges
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Never fully became policy
◦ Madison/Monroe refused to support some projects
◦ Southerners continued to oppose tariffs
American System
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
◦ Attempt by Maryland to put a tax on the
branch of the 2nd Bank of the United States
◦ Bank refused to pay the tax
◦ Chief Justice John Marshall
 Ruled that states had no power to interfere with a
federal institution
 State cannot pass any law that violates a federal
law
 Strengthened power of federal government
 Later -will be used to expand federal power
Supreme Court Rulings
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
 Defended by Daniel Webster - graduate
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◦ Court ruled that the charter of Dartmouth was
a private contract
◦ agreement between two or more parties that can be
enforced by law
◦ Constitution protects private contracts
 Court is protecting private businesses
 Promoting capitalism
◦ Economic system in which privately owned businesses
compete in a free market
Supreme Court Rulings
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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
◦ Ruled that new York State could not give a
steamboat company a monopoly to carry
passengers on the Hudson River
◦ Court ruled that travel on the Hudson included
stops in New Jersey and New York
◦ Interstate commerce – trade between two or
more states
◦ Ruled that under the Constitution only Congress
can regulate interstate commerce
◦ Strengthened the federal government at the
expense of the states
Supreme Court Rulings
Dealing With Other
Nations
Section 2
After the Louisiana Purchase
 United States and Haiti are the only lands
not controlled by European nations
 Spain controlled most of Central and
South America
 Spain’s power had steadily weakened
especially in Florida
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Relations with Spain
Spain could not stop runaway slaves from
Georgia and Alabama
 Many former slaves joined the Seminole
Nation
 Seminoles raided American settlements
across the border
 1817 US sent Andrew Jackson to
recapture slaves
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Florida
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Went beyond his orders
Attacked and destroyed Seminole villages
Seized two Spanish towns
Forced the governor to flee Florida
Spain was too weak to protect Florida
Gave up Florida
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
◦ Spain ceded Florida to the US
Florida to the US
American and French revolutions inspired
Latin America
 Revolutionary movements grew
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Spanish Colonies Win
Independence
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1810 -Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an
army of Native Americans - freed provinces
1811 Hidalgo captured – ended revolt
1820 – Revolution - Spain couldn’t stop
1821 – Spain agreed to independence
First – ruled by emperor
1823 – monarchy overthrown
1823 – new constitution made Mexico a
federal republic of 9 states/4 territories
Mexico
Simon Bolivar – “Liberator”
 1819 - led march from Venezuela over
the Andes to Columbia – defeated Spanish
 Became president of the independent
Republic of Great Colombia
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◦ Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
Independence for South America
People declared independence in 1821
 Formed the United provinces of Central
America
 Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Honduras, Guatemala
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Independence for Central America
1822 – Brazil announced its independence
from Portugal
 By 1825 most parts of Latin America were
independent
 Future of these new countries uncertain
 France and Russia might help Spain
regain its colonies
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Brazil and North America
Monroe and Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams were worried
 British were worried and wanted to issue
a joint statement
 Adams advised Monroe to act alone
 Monroe stated to Congress – the Monroe
Doctrine
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◦ US would not allow European nations to create
colonies or interfere with free nations
◦ US would consider any attempt as dangerous
to our peace
Monroe Doctrine
Remained a British colony despite uprisings
 Upper Canada – English
 Lower Canada – French
 Act of Union of 1841
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Merged two parts into a single unit of gov’t
Britain gave Canada powers of self-government
Disagreements over boundaries
Eventually developed excellent relations
between Canada and United States
Canada
The Age of Jackson
Section 3
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Candidates for President
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John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts)
Henry Clay (Kentucky, Speaker of the House)
William Crawford (Georgia)
Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)
◦ Jackson received the most electoral votes but
not the majority.
◦ Choice between Adams, Jackson went to the
House for vote
◦ Clay used influence to get Adams elected
◦ Adams was the last of the Federalists
The Election of 1824
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Son of John Adams
Had been an ambassador under Washington
Well respected Northerner
Senator from Massachusetts
Negotiated end of War of 1812
Secretary of State under Monroe
◦ Wrote the treaty to take Florida
◦ Helped frame the Monroe Doctrine
After elected President -named Henry Clay
as Secretary of State
 Jackson accused them of a ‘corrupt bargain’
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John Quincy Adams – 6th President
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Miserable four years
Admired for his intelligence
Lonely, cold man with a sharp tongue
Wanted a national university, roads, canals,
naval academy
Never got along with Congress – they
refused to do what he asked
Jackson and followers criticized his
administration
Lost the election of 1828 to Jackson
Adams’s Presidency
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States extended suffrage (right to vote)
◦ States dropped property owner requirement
◦ Most male adults could vote
◦ No women, freed blacks or slaves
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States changing way to elect electors
◦ Voters picked electors in 18/24 states
Democracy at Work
1824 Election
 Brought back two party system
 Republican party split
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◦ The most democratic groups became
 Democratic Republican party –
 Dropped the Republican
 Known as Democratic Party
Adams ran as the National Republican
 Jackson ran as the Democratic
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New Politics
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1831 Election
◦ Clay (National Republican)
◦ Jackson (Democrats)
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1836 Election
◦ Anti Jackson forces (Whigs)
◦ Jackson (Democrats)
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1836-1852 – two major political parties
◦ Whigs
◦ Democrats
Political Parties
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Before 1831
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Party members of Congress held caucus
Meeting of members of political party
Small group chose candidate
Currently still done in Iowa primary
After 1831
◦ National nominating convention -large
meetings of party delegates to choose
candidates for office
◦ Opened the nominating process to many more
◦ More democratic
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How
Political Parties Choose Their
Candidates
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Born in a log cabin on the border of the
Carolinas
Orphan at 14, brave, ambitious, tough
Learned to read
Joined the Revolutionary Army at early
age – good horseman
Studied law after the war
Elected general of Tennessee army to
fight against the Creek Indians
Excellent general
Andrew Jackson
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Belief in ordinary people
◦ Should vote and hold public office
◦ 3 times more people voted in 1828 as 1824
◦ Supporters of Jackson
Did not trust government
 Opposed special privileges for wealthy
 Suspicious of banks
 Growing sectional and class divisions
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◦ Jackson did best in west and south with small
business, artisans and workers
◦ Adams strength in New England
Supporters of Andrew Jackson
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Victory for the common man
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Inauguration – March 1829
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1000s of ordinary working people
Jackson rode a horse to the White House
20,000 crowded into the White House
Misbehaved – broke furniture, glassware
Opponents were shocked
Jackson Wins/Inauguration
Replaced government officials with his
supporters (over two terms - 20%)
 Jackson openly admitted it
 One supporter claimed “to the victors
belongs the spoils”
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◦ Spoils system – practice of rewarding
government jovbs to loyal supporters of the
party that wins an elections
Spoils of Victory
Indian Removal
Section 4
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Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek
◦ Farmers, lived in small towns
◦ Mississippi, Alabama, N Georgia, W South
Carolina, S Tennessee
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Seminoles
◦ Florida
◦ Combination of Creeks, Runaway slave, natives
of Florida
Native Americans/Southeast
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Adopted some white customs
Had own schools, some spoke English
Converted to Christianity
Ran businesses like lumber mills
Had a written alphabet for own language
◦ Created by Sequoyah
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1827 -Established a government based on
a written constitution
◦ Claimed status as a separate nation
◦ Started newspaper in English and native
language
Cherokees
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White settlers wanted the fertile lands
held by the Southeastern Indians
Whites wanted it for cotton plantations
Idea to move Indians west of Mississippi
started under Jefferson
By moving he felt they would keep their
heritage
Monroe signed treaties with Indian groups
of the Northwest Territory to move west
and give up their lands
Conflict Over Land
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Would not move
Monroe suggested a plan to move them
west of Mississippi River
Nothing happened except Southerner
complained
Georgia passed law forcing Creeks to give
up land
Didn’t recognize the Cherokee Nation and
passed a similar law against Cherokees
Southeastern Indians
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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
◦ Court refused to stop Georgia from enforcing
the law to move Cherokees
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Worcester V. Georgia (1832)
◦ Court declared that Georgia laws ‘can have no
force’ within Cherokee territory
◦ Chief Justice Marshall wrote that treaties are
supreme law of the land under the Constitution
◦ Treaties signed by US guaranteed certain lands
to Native Americans
Georgia’s Actions - Lawsuits
Andrew Jackson wanted to remove the
Natives
 Pushed the law through that give him the
authority to offer Native Americans land
west of the Mississippi in exchange for
their lands in the East.
 Provided money to pay for the land
 Believing they had no choice, the Native
Americans signed the treaties to give up
their lands.
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Indian Removal Act of 1830
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Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)
Marched west to Oklahoma by American
soldiers
Not provided with enough tents, food,
blankets, winter clothes/shoes
Heavy rain/snow
Tremendous suffering
Removal of the Chocktaws
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Held out for a few years
1838 President Martin Van Buren forced
them to move
7000 soldiers forced 15,000 Cherokees
Marched hundreds of miles
Little food/shelter in rain and snow
4000 died in inhumane conditions
“Trail of Tears”
Rebuild their lives - difficult conditions
Removal of Cherokees
States Rights and the
Economy
Section 5
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2nd National Bank
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Strong support from business
Safe place for Nation’s money
Stabilzed the currency
Restricted loans made by state banks
Limited money loaned to farmers to buy land
Southerners/Westerners affected the most
The Bank War
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Jackson distrusted Bank of the US
◦ Felt it was controlled by rich
◦ Nicolas Biddle – Bank’s president – wealthy
Philadelphian
◦ Known for favors for powerful politicians
Biddle got Congress to renew Bank’s
charter – 4 years early
 Jackson vetoed it
 Election of 1832 big issue
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◦ Henry Clay favored the Bank
◦ Jackson hated the bank – Jackson won
Andrew Jackson versus Bank
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Jackson’s victory over the Bank
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Increased Presidential powers
Could face down powerful opponents in Congress
Bank’s charter ran out
Ceased to exist
No bank to handle economic crisis
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Government is based on federalism
◦ Division of power between states and federal
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10th Amendment states that any powers
not specifically given to the federal
government is reserved for the states
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Issue of separation of powers not resolved
Question of States’ Rights
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Congress passed 1828 tariff law
◦ Increased tariff on iron, textiles and other
products
◦ Favored industrial North/some parts of West
◦ Forced Southerners to pay more for
manufactured goods
The Nullification Crisis
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Vice President John Calhoun
◦ President of the Senate
◦ Argued that states had the rights of
nullification – action by a state that
cancels federal law to which the state
objects
◦ Based his theory on how the nation was formed
as an agreement between various states
◦ After the Union was formed each state kept
certain powers – to nullify federal laws that the
people felt was unfair
John Calhoun
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Daniel Webster – Senator/Massachusetts
◦ Argued that Union was not formed by states but
by the entire American people
◦ Dramatic speech in Senate – “We are all agents
of the same supreme power, the people.”
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President Andrew Jackson
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Defended the Union directly at Calhoun
“Our Federal Union – it must be preserved”
Calhoun responded
“The Union – next to our liberty, the most dear”
Against Nullification
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1832 – Congress passed new tariff law
◦ Lowered some tariffs
◦ Raised tariffs on iron and textiles
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SC called a state convention
◦ Voted to nullify tariffs
◦ Warned the federal government not to use
force to impose the tariffs
◦ If it did, SC would secede from the Union
South Carolina Threatens to
Secede
Asked Congress for law to force collection
 Supported Compromise bill to lower tariffs
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Congress passed both
SC repealed tariff nullification
◦ Little support from other states
◦ Crisis settle peacefully
Jackson defended federal power
 States’ rights supporters – setback
 Jackson retired after two terms
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Jackson’s Response
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Whigs ran 3 candidates
◦ Hoped to send election
to the House
Martin Van Buren
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New York – son of tavern owner
Born in US after it became a country
Lawyer – not very personable
Realized that by association with Andrew
Jackson, he would go further
◦ Secretary of State under Jackson’s 1st term
◦ Vice President under Jackson’s 2nd term
◦ Hand picked by Jackson to run - victorious
Election of 1836
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Economic crisis in Britain
Buying less cotton – prices fell
American banks couldn’t collect on loans
Many banks Failed
No US Bank to stabilize economy
Blamed Van Buren
Panic of 1837
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Martin Van Buren ran for reelection
◦ Criticized for the economic crisis
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Whigs ran William Henry Harrison
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Hero of the Battle of Tippicanoe
Born into wealth in Ohio
Studied to be a doctor then joined the army
Skillful general in War of 1812
Left for a quiet life
Wanted a people’s hero to beat Van Buren
Played on the log cabin image
Called Van Buren – wealthy who drank foreign
wines and ate too much rich food
Election of 1840
Harrison wins election easily
 9th President
 Longest inauguration speech
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◦ 1 hr 45 min
Took office – long lines of office seekers
 Caught a cold – pneumonia
 Died one month after inauguration
 Shortest presidency in history
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The Presidency of William Henry
Harrison
Whigs asked John Tyler
to be Vice President
 Wanted someone
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◦ Balance the Whig ticket
◦ Get Southern votes
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Not well know outside of Virginia
Believed in States’ rights
Service in Congress showed his beliefs
Father’s friend was Thomas Jefferson
Whigs never considered he would be the
10th President of the United States
John Tyler