Transcript Jim Crowed at Every Turnx

1) All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside.
2) No state shall make or enforce any law which
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law, nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws. Ratified July 23, 1868
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1) The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
State on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
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2) The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions
of this Article by appropriate legislation.
This amendment was proposed to the State Legislatures by
the 40th Congress on February 27, 1869, and was ratified on
March 30, 1870. It was supported by 30 states; it was
rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and
Oregon. It was not acted on by Tennessee. New York
rescinded its ratification on January 5, 1870. New Jersey
rejected the amendment in 1870, but ratified it in 1871.
Freedmen’s Bureau Act 1865 Create a government agency to provide services to freed
slaves and
 war victims
Civil Rights Act of 1866
 Grants citizenship to Blacks and outlaws Black Codes,
Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Divides former Confederacy into military districts. One major
purpose was to protect the right of Blacks to vote. The
military closely supervised local government, supervised
elections, and tried to protect office holders
and freedmen from violence.
Enforcement Act of 1870
 Protects voting rights making intimidation of voters a federal
crime
Civil Rights Act of 1871 (KKK Act)
 Authorizes President Ulysses S. Grant
 to declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist
organizations, and use military force to
 suppress the Ku Klux Klan. This act helped to suppress KKK activity
in the former Confederacy and as a result, the organization faded
away by the early 1880s.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Act guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same
treatment in "public accommodations"
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The Revised Code of Indiana 1862 :
Forbade Negroes and mulattos to come into the state
forbade the consummation of legal contracts with
"Negroes and mulattos“
imposed a $500 fine on anyone who employed a
black person;
forbade interracial marriage; and blacks from
testifying in court against white persons.
Illinois -- the "land of Lincoln" -- added almost
identical restrictions, as did Oregon in 1857. Most
Northern states in the 1860s did not permit
immigration by blacks or, if they did, required them to
post a $1,000 bond that would be confiscated if they
behaved "improperly."
This legislature also passed a law prohibiting
intermarriage. It was directed not only against
white/black marriages, but against anyone with
"one-fourth or more Negro, Chinese or
[Hawaiian] blood, or any person having more
than one half Indian blood.
The Ku Klux Klan were secret
cells of political and social
terrorists during the shortlived Reconstruction era,
who had three main goals
after the defeat: political
defeat of the Republican
Party, the maintenance of
absolute white supremacy in
response to newly gained
civil and political rights by
southern Blacks, and to expel
“carpetbaggers” from the
South.
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The Court declared the 1875 civil rights laws that
granted equal access to public accommodations to be
unconstitutional.
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In Pace v. Alabama, the Supreme Court upheld an
Alabama law that punished adultery more severely if
the offending parties were of different races.
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In United States v. Harris, the Supreme Court declared
part of the act of 1871 (the Ku Klux Klan Act)
unconstitutional when it was applied to a lynch mob
that beat a black prisoner to death.
1896, “The object of the
1890, Louisiana passed a
statute called the
"Separate Car Act,"
which stated
"that all rail way
companies carrying
passengers in their
coaches in this state, shall
provide equal but
separate
accommodations for the
white, and colored races,
by providing two or more
passenger coaches . .. “
Fourteenth Amendment was
undoubtedly to enforce the
absolute equality of the two
races before the law, but in
the nature of things it could
not have been intended to
abolish distinctions
based upon color, or to
enforce social, as
distinguished from political
equality, or a commingling of
the two races upon
terms unsatisfactory to
either.”
"Our Constitution is colorblind, and neither
knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In
respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal
before the law... The present decision, it may
well be apprehended, will not only stimulate
aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating,
upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but
will encourage the belief that it is possible,…, to
defeat the beneficent purposes which the
people of the United States had in view when
they adopted the recent amendments of the
Constitution."
African Americans Lost
Political Power
•Poll Tax - had to pay to vote
•Literacy Test - Had to read to vote
•Grandfather Clause – If you could get
around the first two hurdles, then your right
to vote required that your grandfather
could vote when the 14th amendment was
ratified
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were laws passed by Southern states at the end of the
Civil War to limit the civil liberties, control the labor,
restrict the migration and other activities of newly-freed
slaves. These codes reflected the unwillingness of white
Texans to accept blacks as citizens and also their many
fears of freedmen. Though varying from state to state,
they sought to secure a steady supply of cheap labor,
while assuming the inferiority of former slaves. The
black codes had their roots in the slave codes on the
premise that slaves were chattel or property, with few,
if any, legal rights.
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Full suffrage would result in a "war of the
races," the editorial concluded.
“If we make the African a citizen, we cannot
deny the same right to the Indian or the
Mongolian (the Chinese, Japanese and other
Asians). Then how long would we have peace
and prosperity when four races separate,
distinct and antagonistic should be at the polls
and contend for the control of government?”
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The Fifteenth Amendment was proposed,
ratified and declared in force by Congress
between Oregon's 1868 and 1870 legislative
sessions.... The legislative session of
1870...declared the Fifteenth Amendment was
"an infringement on popular rights and a direct
falsification of the pledges made to the state of
Oregon by the federal government." The
Fifteenth Amendment was finally ratified by the
centennial legislature of 1959.
Then the Civil War was
ended
And Cathay was finally free
And in seeking out her
freedom,
She found her place in
history.
Her own way she needed to
make
And a burden to no one be
So as a Buffalo Soldier she
joined up
In the 38th U. S. Infantry.
Champion Army
sharpshooter
With “Booth” his
messenger dog
 Served Geronimo
campaign, Cuba,
Phillipines, and WWI
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EXPERIMENTING WITH BICYCLES
PARADING THROUGH TOWN
CUBA 1898
PHILLPINES 1899
1898, Heroes
in Cuba,
General Benjamin
O. Davis Sr.
First black graduate of
West Point
 Class of 1877
 Wrote: The Colored
Cadet at West Point
(1889)
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In spite of his disgrace, the United States government hired him for
his engineering skills. He also served as a translator for the Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations and built railroads in Alaska. He
had always maintained his innocence over his dishonorable
discharge.
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In 1976, the Army's judge advocate general ruled that the case
against Flipper was racially motivated. Flipper was posthumously
given an honorable discharge - in 1999, President Clinton, on the
behalf of the nation, formally pardoned Flipper and apologized to
his descendents
3rd African American
Graduate from West
Point
Cadet: Charles Young
(March 12, 1864 - January
8, 1922)
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Depicts a British view of
West Point racism at the
height of the Whittaker
controversy
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Whittaker was born a slave
in 1858, the only black
cadet at West Point in 1880
the third black at the
Academy.
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1882 “I can, I must, I will
win a place in life”
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1995 granted posthumous
commission in US Army.
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West Point cadet class
of 1889
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3rd black graduate and
the last one until 1936
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Retired as a full colonel
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Young spent most of his childhood in Ripley, OH, where he was
influenced by abolitionists like John P. Parker.
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Charles Young was born a slave to Gabriel Young and Aminta Bruen in
Helena Kentucky. Gabriel served one year in the 5th Heavy Artillery of
OHIO, USCT.
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Young was shunned and hazed yet was the third black graduate of West
Point, the highest-ranking black officer in the U.S. Army until his death.
Born 1912, sights on the US
Military Academy - earned an
appointment in 1932 from Rep.
Oscar S. De Priest (R-IL.), the
only Black Congressman at that
time. - believed his classmates
would accept him based on the
content of his character - for
four years he was shunned, and
disrespected. He had no
roommate and took his meals in
silence – his fellow officer’s
actions only made him more
determined to succeed. He
graduated thirty-fifth out of 276
in the Class of 1936.