Transcript Chapter 31.1 Individual Computer Station - Waverly

Exploring American History
Unit X – Modern America
Chapter 31– America Looks to
the Future
Section 1 – The End of the 20th
Century.
Main Idea 1:
Major global changes took place during the
presidency of George H. W. Bush.
1988 Election

Reagan’s vice president, George H. W. Bush, defeated Democratic candidate
Michael Dukakis after a hard-fought campaign.
Cold War Ends
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Mikhail Gorbachev continued reforms in the Soviet Union while pro-democracy
movements gained strength in Eastern Europe.
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October 1989, East Germans overthrew Communist government and new government
agreed to open borders.
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November 9, East and West Berliners smashed through the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Cold
War.
Soon, several Soviet republics declared independence and the Soviet Union broke
apart, marking the end of the Cold War.
Germany
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Oct. 1989- East Germany
gets rid of its Communist
government and opens
the Berlin Wall.
Berlin Wall torn down.
Oct. 3 1990- East and
West Germany are
reunited into one
Germany.
Gorbachev and the Soviet Union

March 1985- Gorbachev is
General Secretary of
Communist party.
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Glasnost- “openness”,
allowing criticism and
freedom of the press
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Perestroika-
“restructuring” of the Soviet
society- less government
control, introduced private
enterprise and took steps for
a democratic government.
Warsaw Pact Countries- Eastern Europe
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Hungary and Bulgariasuccessful transition from
communism
Romania- “Violent
Revolution”- Pres. Ceausescu.
Czechoslovakia- “Velvet
Revolution”
Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic
rivalries caused brutal war
among Muslims, Orthodox
Serbs, and Roman Catholics.
Ethnic Cleansing
Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania. Independent
Soviet Union Declines
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Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics
declare independence.
Ethnic unrest across USSRdifferent national groups argue
over borders.
Gorbachev resigns- not popular at
home and the Soviet Union
dissolves.
CIS- Commonwealth of
Independent States takes overloose federation
Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President
of Russia signs START II pact
with U.S.A.
“Operation Just Cause”- Panama
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1988- Federal Grand jury indicts
Noreiga on drug trafficking charges.
(International drug trafficking)
Manuel Noriega- commander of
police and military forces in
Panama, in charge of Panama.
Stuffed the ballot box.
Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent
in U.S. forces to topple Noriega.
Noriega took refuge in Vatican
embassy but finally surrenders.
Convicted in Miami and sentenced
to 40 years in prison.
Many Latin American nations
deplored this “Yankee
Imperialism”, but many were please
to be rid of the dictator.
Double Click on Movie to start
1:16 min.
Demonizing the Enemy: Saddam Hussein and Manuel Noriega- 5:09
The Persian Gulf War

Iraq’s brutal dictator, Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring oilrich Kuwait.
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United Nations called for immediate withdrawal.
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UN coalition launched Operation Desert Storm when Hussein
refused to withdraw.
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President Bush began assembling a coalition of nations to drive
Iraq from Kuwait.
Air offensive led by U.S. generals Norman Schwarzkopf and
Colin Powell, the highest-ranking African American ever to
serve in U.S. military.
After a six-week bombing campaign, UN forces invaded Kuwait
and Iraq soon agreed to a cease-fire.

About 22,300 Iraqi soldiers and civilians were killed
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UN forces lost around 223 soldiers, 148 of which were
American
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More than 35,000 American women served in the war in noncombat positions.
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
Patriot Missile Battery
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
In 1979 Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq, killing 21 of
his cabinet members.
In 1990 he invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had
taken Kuwait and controlled 24% of the worlds oil
supplies. It seemed as if his next target was Saudi Arabia.
United States entered after a call for protection by Saudi
Arabia.
The United States set a deadline, January 15, 1991 for all
Iraq forces to be out of Kuwait, but Saddam ignored the
deadline.
That triggered Desert Shield, or the build-up of troops in
the region and eventually led to Desert Storm, a all-out
attack to free Kuwait.
“Operation Desert Shield”- Iraq
Chronology: Important Events- 1990
On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, tells Hussein that the
Iraq/Kuwaiti dispute is an Arab matter, not one that affects the United Stat
Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2.
President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets.
The United Nations calls on Hussein to withdraw.
Economic sanctions are authorized.
Iraq annexes Kuwait
The UN declares Iraq's annexation invalid
Military interdiction authorized by the UN.
UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq doesn’t withdraw from
Kuwait by midnight EST Jan. 15.
Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used in offensive operations.
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq3:51
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
Chronology: Important Events- 1991
The air war started Jan 17 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) or January 16 at
6:38PM EST due to an 8 hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter
attack.
US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other military targets in
Iraq.
Iraq launches first SCUD Missile attack.
US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000.
Feb 6, President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb 23 for Iraqi troops to
withdraw from Kuwait.
Feb 23, 1991 Ground war begins with Marines, Army and Arab forces
moving into Iraq and Kuwait.
Feb 27, 1991 President Bush orders a cease fire effective at midnight
Kuwaiti time.
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq- 5:15
min.
Main Idea 2:
During Bill Clinton’s presidency, the nation
experienced scandal, economic growth, and
the rise of terrorist threats.
1992 Election
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Republican candidate: President George H. W. Bush
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Democratic candidate: Arkansas governor Bill Clinton
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Americans supported his handling of the Gulf War.
Told voters he would focus on improving the
struggling U.S. economy
Clinton won a three-way race against Bush and Ross
Perot, who ran as an independent candidate.
Clinton and Congress
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Under President Clinton’s leadership Congress
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Passed a budget to reduce the deficit by cutting
spending and raising taxes; and
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Supported the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), which eliminated trade
barriers between the United States, Canada, and
Mexico.
In 1994 congressional elections, Republicans won a
majority in Congress for the first time since 1952.
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House minority leader Newt Gingrich spearheaded
the victory with promotion of a set of policies called
the Contract with America, promising lower taxes
and smaller government.
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement
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Brings US, Canada and Mexico into a
free-trade zone.
Supporters- it will strengthen all three
economies, and create more jobs.
Opponents
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American jobs would be transferred to
Mexico where wages are lower. More
than 100,000 low-wage jobs went to
Mexico after NAFTA passed.
Environment would be harmed due to
Mexico’s lower standards.
Competition with foreign companies
caused US companies to keep wages
low.
Treaty Ratified- January 1, 1994
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement – 1:34
Clinton’s Second Term
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In 1996 election Clinton won a second term
by defeating Senator Bob Dole of Kansas.
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Second Term was dominated by questions
about Clinton’s personal and official
conduct.
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Charged with having an inappropriate
relationship with a White House intern
and then lying about it under oath
In 1998 the House of Representatives voted
to impeach Clinton, but the Senate acquitted
him of charges.
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Scandal damaged Clinton’s public image.
President William J. Clinton
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Foreign Affairs
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NAFTA- North American Free Trade
Agreement
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GATT- Global Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
Peace in Ireland and Middle East
Pulls troops out of Somalia
Signs START I
Grants diplomatic recognition with Vietnam.
Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of
Principles- Arafat and Rabin
1996-1997- Illegal Immigration Reform
and Immigrant Responsibility Actrestricts the availability of suspension of
deportation. Tougher for illegal aliens to get
to stay due to hardship. Must be in US for 10
years 1st.
The Impeachment and Removal of the President by Congress (03:38)
A Dangerous World
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Collapse of Soviet Union left the United States as the world’s only
superpower.
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Clinton appointed Madeleine Albright as the first woman to be
secretary of state.
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United States worked to protect global peace and democracy
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Helped adapt U.S. foreign policy
Helped to negotiate an end to war in Balkan region of Europe
after former nation of Yugoslavia broke apart
Terrorism– the use of violence by individuals or small groups to
advance political goals– became a major issue in the 1990s.
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April 1995– American terrorists bombed an Oklahoma federal
building, killing 168 people.
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1998– Hundreds killed in a bomb attacks on U.S. embassies in
Africa.
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Increasingly deadly attacks were made by extremist Islamic
groups.
Yugoslavia
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1991- Yugoslavia broke up into 5
nations.
1991- Bosnia- Serbs began “ethnic
cleansing” of certain ethnic groups.
Millions of refugees, and over 200,000
killed. Clinton hesitates to help.
1995- Dayton Accords- U.S helps
negotiate a peace in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and US troops sent in to
join NATO troops.
1998- Kosovo- Serbs attack ethnic
Albanians. US and NATO launch air
strikes. Violation of International law?
US troops stayed longer than promiseddrawing criticism. 9 Years.
#1- Rebuilding Kosovo- 3:25 min.
#3 - The Air
War on
Kosovo- 1:45
min.
Kosovo
#2 - History-1:59 min
.
April 19, 1995 (02:54)