Transcript Civil Rights - Cherokee County Schools

CIVIL
RIGHTS
Chapter 11
A PHILIP RANDOLPH
A. PHILLIP RANDOLPH
Civil Rights activist that proposed a march on
Washington to protest racial discrimination in the
United States military.
This is one of the earliest signs for the Civil
Rights movement that would develop over the
next 20-30 years.
Randolph was a key figure to getting the Fair
Employment Act passed, prohibiting
discrimination in the national defense industry.
DETROIT RIOTS
One of the most violent
episodes during the 1940’s
in the United States.
Twenty-five blacks and
nine whites were killed
during the riot until federal
troops finally ended the
violence.
This lasted for two days.
HARRY TRUMAN
When Truman became president, he quickly became a
supporter of civil rights.
Truman wanted to improve black citizens lives not only
for their sake, but also for the Cold War.
Many of Truman’s views caused the Democratic Party to
split, even leading some to believe that Truman would
be defeated in the Presidential election.
One thing that Truman did was integrate the United
States Military.
JACKIE ROBINSON
ROBINSON’S ROLE
Robinson became the first African American during the
modern era to play baseball in the Major League.
Prior to Robinson baseball was split into separate leagues:
Major League Baseball, Negro Leagues.
Robinson showed the success that African Americans could
achieve, and showed that he was an equal on the field.
Robinson played for the Dodgers from 1947-1956, playing in
six world series (won in 1955), and was elected to the Hall
of Fame in 1962.
BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
TOPEKA
BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
TOPEKA, KANSAS
Entering the 1950’s the Civil Rights movement had begun to gain
momentum.
One area they wanted to concentrate on was the de-segregation
of public education.
The NAACP sued the Board of Education in Topeka, because it
would not let a black girl, Linda Brown, attend an all-white
school.
The court case overturned the decision previously held by Plessy
v. Ferguson, stating that racial segregation in public schools was
unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court, led by Earl Warren, found that separate
facilities were inherently unequal because they did not present
minority students with the same opportunities.
THURGOOD MARSHALL
THURGOOD MARSHALL
Was an attorney for the NAACP, and was the
presiding lawyer during the Brown v. Board case.
Marshall became a well-known African American
figure in the U.S.
Eventually he became the first African American
ever appointed to the Supreme Court.
LITTLE ROCK NINE
Despite the court decision in Brown, many southern
leaders and states were determined to maintain
segregation.
In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor refused to obey a
federal court order to integrate the Little Rock Central
High School in 1957.
He called in the National Guard to prevent the students
from entering.
President Eisenhower stepped and ensured that the
students, the Little Rock Nine, were allowed to gain
admittance into the school.
GOV. GEORGE WALLACE AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
GEORGE WALLACE
Wallace was the governor of Alabama during the late
1950’s.
Wallace tried to prevent the integration of the University
of Alabama by physically blocking the entrance. James
Meredith was the student trying to gain entrance.
Federal authorities would eventually force Wallace to
allow African American students entrance into the
school.
Wallace was famous for saying “segregation today,
segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.
MAYOR WILLIAM HARTSFIELD
ATLANTA
Atlanta had gained national praise for its handling
of the desegregation of schools.
Mayor William Hartsfield managed to avoid
violence and turmoil.
Hartsfield used a coalition of black and white
community business leaders to help peacefully
deal with race relations.
Hartsfield was quoted saying: “Atlanta is the city
too busy to hate.”
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
Segregation had reached as far as the public
transit buses used in the city of Montgomery.
On December 1, 1955, a bus driver ordered Rosa
Parks to give up her seat to a white passenger.
When she refused, the police arrested her and
took her to jail.
NAACP leaders selected Martin Luther King Jr.
to lead them in a boycott of the Montgomery bus
system.
BOYCOTT CONT.
The city’s 50,000 blacks united, walking to work
or carpooling.
This lasted for over a year costing the city
thousands of dollars.
Finally in November 1956, the Supreme Court
ruled that buses must be integrated.
The bus boycott was a major victory, and served
to make Martin Luther King Jr. the lead figure for
Civil Rights in the United States.
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
A Southern Baptist minister, King had risen to
his status through the bus boycotts.
When King was arrested he told the people
protesting not to break out in violence, it would
only anger them more and give them more
evidence to keep the South segregated.
This movement would be known as the nonviolent movement during the Civil Rights era.
SOTHERN CHRISTIAN
LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
SCLC
The bus boycott had also given birth to the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference.
The group chose Dr. King as its first president and
sought to unite civil rights leaders (primarily ministers).
Early on they pushed for voter registration and
education as their major goals for civil rights.
They believed that if they could educate average African
American citizens and get the right candidates elected,
then they could successfully bring about the end of
segregation and inequality.
ALBANY MOVEMENT
ALBANY, GEORGIA
SCLC CONT.
However, following their participation in the
Albany Movement ( a student inspired civil rights
movement in South Georgia), a number of SCLC
leaders began to appreciate the value of mass
demonstration and public protests as well.
LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL
LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM
JAIL
Dr. King had been arrested following a peaceful
civil rights protest in Birmingham in April 1963.
Many white ministers felt civil rights should be
battled in court, not through protests.
While in jail King wrote a letter that expressed
the reasons he disagreed with others and
proclaimed that civil disobedience (peaceful
refusal to follow unjust laws) was a necessary and
acceptable method for achieving equality.
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
Due to the Cold War, the federal government
feared what other countries might think about
the United States due to the civil rights
movement.
This opened the door to protests such as the
March on Washington.
Here King delivered what many feel is his most
famous speech, his “I Have a Dream Speech”.
“I HAVE A DREAM”
I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH
http://www.mlkonline.net/sounds.html
GREENSBORO SIT-IN
GREENSBORO SIT-IN
On February 1, 1960, four black college students
at North Carolina A&T University protested
racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at a
“whites only” lunch counter in a Greensboro,
North Carolina Woolworth’s.
When they were ordered to leave, they peacefully
refused and were arrested.
Within days, “sit-ins” had spread across North
Carolina.
SNCC
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee developed in response to students
gathering in Raleigh, North Carolina.
These students devoted themselves to the use of
non-violent protests to demand civil rights for
African Americans.
FREEDOM RIDES
FREEDOM RIDES
African Americans boarded a bus in Washington D.C.
with plans to head South.
The protestors were going to peacefully ride into the
South in a response to the segregation found on buses.
Everything was going fine until the bus reached
Anniston, Alabama.
In Anniston, a white mob attacked the bus and set it on
fire, and beat every passenger that fled the burning bus.
FREEDOM RIDES CONT.
Many of the freedom riders continued their trip.
The U.S. government sent aid with U.S. Marshalls,
but many of the Marshalls did not interfere with
arrests being made.
The Marshalls feared interference would result in
public disorder.
CORE
Formed in 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality,
helped to organize the freedom rides that would
take place.
CORE would continue to organize other protests
throughout the Civil Rights movement.
SNCC AND CORE VERSUS SCLC
Although both sides were pushing for the same changes,
each side viewed the method for change differently.
SNCC and CORE were willing to use more radical
methods than SCLC.
Some members of SNCC and CORE began to reject
nonviolent protests, and began what they called “Black
Power”.
This was a philosophy that held blacks should take great
pride in their African heritage and be willing to use
violence if necessary.
NOVEMBER 22, 1963
JFK ASSASSINATION
After the March on Washington, JFK proposed
new civil rights laws.
On November 22, 1963, an assassin by the name
of Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed the
president in Dallas as he rode in an open car with
the first lady and the governor of Texas.
The death of JFK left the nation mourning, but
also gave the presidency to Lyndon B. Johnson.
LEE HARVEY OSWALD
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Lyndon Johnson strongly urged the House and Senate to
pass the civil rights legislation proposed by Kennedy.
Despite opposition from Southern legislators, Johnson
pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through.
This act prohibited segregation in public
accommodations and discrimination in education and
employment. It also gave the president power to
enforce the new law.
This also gave way to the 24 th Amendment which
outlawed the poll tax.
BLOODY SUNDAY
SELMA ALABAMA
BLOODY SUNDAY
BLOODY SUNDAY
In 1965, protestors in Selma, Alabama decided to bring national attention to
the cause of civil rights by marching 50 miles to the state’s capital in
Montgomery.
The march occurred on March 7, 1965.
When 500 marchers reached Selma’s city limits, 200 state troopers and
sheriff ’s deputies beat them with clubs and whips, released dogs on them and
showered them with tear gas.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
Two weeks after Bloody Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr.
led more than 3,000 marchers out of Selma, including a
core of 300 people who walked the entire journey.
Four days later, they arrived in Montgomery, where King
addressed a rally of nearly 40,000 people.
On August 6, 1965, President Johnson signed the Voting
Rights Act of 1965 authorizing the president to suspend
literacy tests for voter registration and to send federal
officials to register voters in the event that county
officials failed to do so.
WARREN COURT
WARREN COURT
The members of this court made several key Supreme Court decisions to
bring about social change.
The court was led by Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Key cases:
Brown v. Board of Edu
Mapp v. Ohio
Gideon v. Wainwright
Miranda v. Arizona
MAPP V. OHIO
“YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO
REMAIN SILENT…”
JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY
GREAT SOCIETY
Lyndon Johnson wanted to not only implement civil rights changes, but he
also wanted to implement what he called his Great Society.
This consisted of various proposed programs and centered greatly around
Johnson’s declared “War on Poverty”.
Johnson’s role as a Senator allowed him to be successful in pushing through
his programs.
VOLUNTEERS IN SERVICE TO
AMERICA
VISTA
VISTA
This program mobilized volunteers to work in poorer communities within the
United States.
VISTA also established Job Corps for the purpose of educating and training
inner-city youth for gainful employment.
JOB CORPS
HEAD START
HEAD START
This program helped to ensure better education for children with low-income
families.
This program primarily focuses on Pre-K programs.
HOUSING AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
ROBERT C. WEAVER
HUD
This program oversees housing needs, rehabilitates urban communities, and
provides rent assistance to those living in low-income housing.
The program was initially headed by Robert C. Weaver, the first African
American ever appointed to a presidential cabinet.
MEDICARE & MEDICAID
MEDICARE & MEDICAID
Two of Johnson’s most important programs were Medicare and Medicaid.
Medicare is a program funded by the federal government and is meant to
provide medical coverage for the elderly.
Medicaid is a health care partially funded by the federal government and
partially funded by the states. It serves to provided health care for lowincome families.
1968
ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
ANTI-WAR
Student activist, such as the Students for a Democratic Society, began calling
for the removal of troops from Vietnam.
Protestors filled college campuses and marchers constantly picketed the White
House, accusing the president of heartlessly sending young men to die in the
jungles of Southeast Asia.
ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN
LUTHER KING
MLK JR.
On April 4, 1968, an assassin gunned down Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
The man responsible for King’s assassination was James Earl Ray.
Dr. King was in Memphis, TN.
King would leave others to carry on the civil rights banner.
ASSASSINATION OF ROBERT
KENNEDY
On June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy RFK
finished his victory speech after winning
the California primary.
A young Palestinian named Sirhan Sirhan stepped forward in the crowd and
shot him at close range.
Because of his support for civil rights, manyu citizens had considered
Kennedy to be their greatest hope for steering the nation in a positive
direction.
DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 1968
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
CONVENTION
President Johnson was not running for re-election, and
many Democrats’ favorite candidate, RFK, was dead.
When Democrats met in Chicago to nominate
candidates for president and vice president, large
numbers of radicals and protestors descended on the
city and the areas surrounding the convention.
Demonstrations got out of hand after delegates voted
against a Vietnam peace resolution and it became clear
that Johnson’s VP, Hubert Humphrey, would be
nominated for President.
CHICAGO 7
CHICAGO 7
Police in Chicago began clubbing those involved in the
rally while television cameras caught most of the violence.
The incident led to the arrest and trial of several
protestors called the “Chicago 7”.
The trial turned into a virtual circus as the defendants
continually mocked the court proceedings.
Five were eventually found guilty, but their convictions
were overturned.
These protests would eventually hurt Humphrey’s chances
of winning the election.
UNITED FARM WORKERS
UNITED FARM WORKERS
This was founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez.
It supported the rights of migrant farm workers, many of which were poor
Hispanic immigrants.
Chavez went to great lengths to improve the conditions under which migrants
workers toiled, including personally conducting hunger strikes.
Eventually by 1970 a labor agreement was reached.
THE
NATIONAL
ORGANIZAT
ION OF
WOMEN
NOW
Founded by Betty Friedan, it devoted itself to political activism and promoted
feminist causes.
Not all women flocked to the women’s movement, however.
Conservative Phyllis Schlafly campaigned vigorously against it, arguing that
many women wanted to remain at home, that there was no more important
role that that of a wife and mother.
THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE
THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE
A book penned by Betty Friedan that talked about her own experience in
giving up a career to be a homemaker.
She suggested that the idea of women being happy and fulfilled at home was a
myth.
Her views helped launch a women’s movement of the 1960’s and 70’s.
This movement was known as Women’s Liberation or Women’s Lib.
THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
PHYLLIS SCHLAFLY
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
ENVIRONMENTALIST
MOVEMENT
Environmentalist are concerned with preserving the earth’s resources and
species of life.
Much of the focus is put on ways to prevent human beings from negatively
affecting the environment.
The birth of this movement began in the 1960’s.
RACHEL CARSON
AND SILENT SPRING
SILENT SPRING
Rachel Carson argued that mankind’s use of certain chemicals (notably
pesticides) was poisoning the environment.
Despite protests from several chemical companies, Carson’s book won critical
acclaim and led to the banning of DDT (a common pesticide) and more
government restrictions on various chemicals.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
EPA
Federal agency created by Richard Nixon for the purpose of enforcing laws
aimed at maintaining a safe and clean environment.
AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH
AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH
An Oscar-winning documentary produced by Vice-President Al Gore.
The documentary focused on the affect that greenhouse gasses have had on
the Global Environment.
Gore pointed out that global warming is largely man-made and that it is
occurring at rate that will produce catastrophic consequences.
CONSERVATISM
CONSERVATISM
This is the belief that government should not try to
regulate too much.
Conservatives would rather keep taxes low and have a
government that does a little as possible.
They believe in personal freedoms and property rights
rather than government trying to control how society
operates.
Many conservatives fought against civil rights legislation
and Johnson’s Great Society, because they restricted the
right of individuals to choose for themselves.
BARRY GOLDWATER
Barry Goldwater was the conservative hero who rose out of this conservative
atmosphere.
Goldwater