Transcript Origins of Vietnam War

AP United States History
Unit 10 Turmoil & Progress
Origins
History Of The Viet People
• Traces back over 2,200 years.
• Remained relatively independent
until 1858.
• Continually pushed back Chinese
•
and Malaysian invasions, but would
pay tribute as a “client kingdom” to
the Chinese.
France, exploring new routes to
China, claims the land known as
Indochina.
• Quickly becomes one of France’s
most profitable colonies.
• Saigon was built to resemble a
Colonial Saigon
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“Little Paris.”
Origins
•
French Aristocrat In
Vietnam, Circa 1910
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Ho Chi Minh
Impact of French rule.
• Very harsh and exploitative.
• French treated the Vietnamese
as children.
• Little to no self-rule, very strict
•
laws, brutal punishments, high
taxes.
Were not allowed to serve in
the government, so had very
little experience when the
Japanese invaded and the
French left.
Origins
• Born Nguyen Tat Thanh
Ho Chi Minh
in 1890.
• Educated in Paris,
London, and Moscow.
• Very idealistic, originally
•
Ho Chi Minh As A Student In Paris
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democratic in thinking,
but eventually became a
Communist.
Started an underground
movement for Vietnamese
independence in the last
years of World War I.
Origins
•
•
Ho Chi Minh With Students
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Ho Chi Minh
One of the leading
Vietnamese
nationalist figures of
the early twentieth
century.
Highly respected by
all Vietnamese
people, even his
opponents.
Origins
Ho Chi Minh
• World War I & the Treaty of Versailles.
• Wilson
bases his peace proposal on
the Fourteen Points.
• One
of the main issues was national
self-determination.
• Allowed
people to make choices
about the government for themselves.
• Ho
was in Paris at the time, asks for
an audience with Wilson.
• Wants
to discuss the ideal of selfdetermination for Vietnam.
POTUS Woodrow Wilson
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• Wilson,
in his usual Southern racist
attitude, refuses to see the “little
yellow monkey” and states that he is
only referring to European peoples.
Origins
Ho Chi Minh
• Ho becomes disillusioned
with democracy as a result
of Wilson.
• Joins the French
Communist Party in 1920.
• Travels to Moscow and
studies under Lenin.
• Organizes the Indochinese
Ho Chi Minh 1920
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Communist Party in 1930
and the Viet Minh, or
Vietnamese Independence
League in 1941.
Origins
Ho Chi Minh
• Experience in World War II.
• Ho
Chi Minh becomes a leader
of the Vietnamese resistance.
• Gains
invaluable military and
political support from both the
Americans and the Soviets in
fighting Japanese and Vichy
French forces.
• Builds
a strong political base
and store of arms in the
Ho Chi Minh (3rd From Left) With
American OSS During World War II
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northern provinces.
• By
1945, represents the
strongest political force in
•
Vietnam.
Wants to take the next step:
Vietnamese independence.
Vietnamese Independence
Post-WWII Issues
• Communist-backed and
democratic-backed groups
both declare independence.
• France wants to reassert control
•
Charles De Gaulle Reviewing
French Troops In Vietnam
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•
over colonies lost during World
War II.
Were willing to recognize
autonomy, but not total
independence.
Wants to set up a similar situation
to what is found in the British
Commonwealth.
• Vietnamese and other groups do
not trust French intentions.
Vietnamese Independence
Post-WWII Issues
• France sets up puppet
•
French Colonies In
Laos, Cambodia & Indochina
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emperors in Cambodia,
Laos, and Vietnam.
Because the Communists
and Ho Chi Minh were the
first to claim
independence, France
would gain support from
the U.S. for “stemming the
tide of world communism,”
not for France’s true goal
of preserving colonial
privileges.
Vietnamese Independence
First Indochinese War
(Vietnamese War Of Independence)
• Negotiations
between the French and
various Vietnamese groups break
down.
• Ho
Chi Minh turns his forces against the
French.
• U.S.
aids France financially, but sends
no military support.
• France
uses only half of U.S. aid for the
military, the rest lined the pockets of
Vietnamese Patriots
During The First Indochina War
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•
•
French aristocrats in Vietnam, as well as
President Charles de Gaulle.
French army is undermanned and illequipped.
Morale, already suffering from World War
II, deteriorates from fighting a guerrilla
war in the jungles against the Viet Minh.
Vietnamese Independence
First Indochinese War
(Vietnamese War Of Independence)
• War lasts for eight years.
• Dien Bien Phu.
• Bulk of the French army is trapped in a
remote outpost in the north.
• The Viet Minh and Democratic forces
surround the outpost and France
surrenders.
Captured French Soldiers
Following The Surrender At
Dien Bien Phu
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• By the end of the war, Eisenhower
declares that Southeast Asia was
of “transcendent importance” to
American security.
• Stability of a democratic government in
Vietnam was essential.
Vietnamese Independence
• Very awkward treaty signed
Geneva Peace Accords, 1954
Vietnamese During The
Capture Of Dien Bien Phu
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in 19 54 by France,
Cambodia, Laos, the
Democratic Republic of
Vietnam (North), the State of
Vietnam (South), the United
Kingdom, the Soviet Union,
the People’s Republic of
China, and the United States.
• Each signatory pledged to guarantee
the terms of the treaty.
• Few of the parties would uphold their
end.
• Vietnam would become the second
battleground for the Superpowers.
Vietnamese Independence
•
Geneva Peace Accords, 1954
The Accords.
• Independence for Laos,
Cambodia, and Vietnam.
• Hostilities to cease, as well as
•
•
Partition Of Vietnam, 1954
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the prohibition of foreign
troops, military personnel,
arms, and munitions from
entering the country.
No foreign military bases in
the country, unless freedom
is threatened.
Temporary partition of
Vietnam at the 17th parallel.
Vietnamese Independence
• The Accords.
Geneva Peace Accords, 1954
• National
elections for
Vietnam to be held within
•
•
•
Finalizing The Geneva Accords
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two years.
The Vietnamese people are
to enjoy the fundamental
freedoms guaranteed by
democratic institutions.
Free expression of the
general will of the
Vietnamese people.
Protection of the rights of
individuals and property
must be upheld.
Vietnamese Independence
Geneva Peace Accords, 1954
The Accords.
•
• No reprisals by either side.
• All sides are committed to
•
French POWs After The
Fall Of Dien Bien Phu
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the reestablishment and
consolidation of peace in
Vietnam.
All foreign powers are to
refrain from any
interference in the internal
affairs of Cambodia, Laos,
and Vietnam.
Early American Involvement
Eisenhower Years
•Ngo Dinh Diem.
• Prime Minister of the Republic
of Vietnam (South).
• Fragile power base among the
Catholics, French-trained urban
elites, and landlords.
S.V. President Ngo Dinh Diem
http://freedomforvietnam.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/chisingodinhdiem.jpg
• Not looking for any major changes
to the status quo.
• No new land policy to benefit the
rural poor.
• Focuses more on the growth of
the cities.
Early American Involvement
Eisenhower Years
•Ngo Dinh Diem.
• Did not have much military
support.
• Did not have the support of Binh
Brother Ngo Dinh Dhu
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•
•
•
Xuyen, leader of the Vietnamese
crime syndicate.
Catholic leader in a Buddhist
nation.
Poor leadership qualities, looking
out for his own interests.
Worst choice Eisenhower could
make.
Early American Involvement
Eisenhower Years
• Diem secures power base.
• Relies more on his family than on
democratically chosen officials.
• Wins the election of 1955, which
was claimed to be rigged.
• Refuses to hold nationwide
elections for other offices in 1956.
• Instead, proclaims South Vietnam to
be an independent nation.
• Violation of the Geneva Accords.
• Supported by Ike, who had proof that
Ngo Dinh Diem With Ike
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Ho Chi Minh and the communists
were receiving military aid from China
and beginning guerrilla war in the
South.
Early American Involvement
Eisenhower Years
• Ike’s support.
• Officially recognizes Diem’s
•
government, despite protests
from U.S. and U.N. officials.
Sends $200 million in military
and economic aid.
• Promote internal security and
South Vietnamese Army Officers
With American Advisors
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•
•
economic stability in South
Vietnam.
Establish and maintain control
throughout the territory.
Effectively counteract Viet Minh
infiltration and paramilitary
activities SOUTH of the 17th parallel.
Early American Involvement
Kennedy Years
• “Flexible response” foreign
policy.
• Increase economic and military
aid to Diem.
• Focused on training programs,
•
•
South Vietnamese Army
Officer Training His Troops
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rces/files/page46-cidgtraining-copy.jpg
•
as Kennedy wants people to
fight the war themselves.
Sends 16,000 “economic and
military advisors.”
Includes the Green Berets, who
were to train the SVA in guerrilla
tactics and provide medical
assistance.
Secretly become involved in the
actual hostilities.
Early American Involvement
Kennedy Years
• Diem develops into a
totalitarian dictator.
• Ngo Dinh Nhu.
• Brother of Diem, becomes
his enforcer.
• Brutal and repressive,
•
Buddhist Monk Protesting The Regime Of Diem
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raids Buddhist pagodas,
kills the monks, takes the
valuables, and burns the
buildings.
Uses military troops to
stop a peaceful
demonstration, killing
over 300.
Early American Involvement
Kennedy Years
• Kennedy wants serious
changes in Vietnam.
• Cannot win against the
•
Communists with Diem in
control.
Only option available:
OVERTHROW THE DIEM
GOVERNMENT.
• The United States would
35th POTUS John Fitzgerald Kennedy
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/jfk2.jpg
not take an active role in a
coup, but also would not
prevent one.
Early American Involvement
Kennedy Years
• November 1, 1963.
• Military leaders in Vietnam assassinate
both Diem and Nhu.
• Kennedy begins negotiating a
withdrawal of American forces with
Congress.
Wants to wait to withdraw after the
1964 election.
“…I’ll become one of the most
unpopular presidents in history. I’ll be
damned everywhere as a Communist
appeaser. But I don’t care. If I tried to
pull out completely now from Vietnam,
we would have another Joe McCarthy
Red Scare on our hands, but I can do it
after I’m reelected. So we had better
make damned sure that I’m reelected.”
•
•
Assassination Of Diem 11/1/63
21 Days Later, JFK Would
Meet A Similar Fate
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/4/4f/20101126041907!Diem_dead.jpg
Early American Involvement
Kennedy Years
• Viet
Minh response
to the coup.
• An
attempt by the
United States to trade
•
•
Viet Cong Forces Crossing Rice Paddies
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one puppet for another.
Were increasing military
activities and
recruitment in the
South.
Prepared to take
advantage of any chaos
or opposition resulting
from coup.
Early American Involvement
Kennedy
Years
• Planning to follow the same
strategy used against France.
• Goals were long-term and took
steps, not leaps.
• Prepared for a long conflict.
• Subtle, complex, and manipulative
strategy.
• Overcome military handicaps.
Viet Cong Tunnels
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pictures/Vietnam%20Holiday%20Cu%20Chi%20Tunnel.jpg
• Increase military forces by recruiting
from the South Vietnamese peasants.
• Attack only when success was
certain.
• Never become involved in a large,
open battle.
• Prepare to hit and “blend.”
Early American Involvement
Viet Cong Tunnels
Viet Cong Tunnels
http://www.usace.army.mil/History/PublishingImages/Vignettes/062/vietnam_diagram.jpg
Early American Involvement
Viet Cong Tunnels
Viet Cong Tunnels
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