Transcript File

The Cold War
continues!
The 1960 Presidential Election
The Democratic Party
chose …
The Republican Party
chose…
Richard
Millhouse
Nixon
John
Fitzgerald
Kennedy
Nixon’s running mate
(Vice Presidential
Candidate) was Henry
Cabot Lodge
Kennedy’s running mate
(Vice Presidential
Candidate) was Lyndon
Baines Johnson
It was an extremely close race.
Kennedy
Nixon
•“New Frontier” and “Get
America moving again”
•Continuation of
Eisenhower administration
•Young and inexperienced
•Vice President for 8 years
FIRST TELEVISED Presidential debates!!!!!!
•JFK appeared
tall, young and
healthy
•Nixon appeared
tired, nervous,
and ill
•
•
•
•
•
Born in Massachusetts on March 29, 1917
Harvard grad
Served in the Navy during WWII
Served in Senate (from MASS); Democrat
Married Jacqueline Bouvier and had 2 children
(Caroline & John Jr.)
• Won Election of 1960; first Catholic POTUS
• Youngest man elected POTUS; youngest to
die (46)
The young Kennedy had major
Foreign Policy issues ahead!
• In his inaugural address he made it clear
that he was going to lead the US in
victory against the USSR by saying that
the United States would “pay any price,
bear any burden, meet any hardship,
support any friend, and oppose any foe,
in order to assure the survival and the
success of liberty.”
• It was in this same address, that he also
said those famous words, “Ask not what
your country can do for you; ask what you
can do for your country.”
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
– President Kennedy gave permission to secretly
train Cuban refugees for an invasion of Cuba in
order to overthrow the leader Fidel Castro.
– Castro, who had declared himself a Communist,
was receiving aid from Soviets.
– The invaders landed in the Bay of Pigs and were
quickly defeated without sufficient US support.
– The U.S. and Kennedy were embarrassed.
BAY OF PIGS
INVASION
SITE
THE INVASION WAS A FAILURE …ALL OF THE CUBAN
INVASION FORCES WERE EITHER KILLED OR CAPTURED
BY CASTRO’S ARMY.
CASTRO’S FORCES
ON THE MARCH
CASTRO’S AIR
FORCE
DESTROYED THE
INVADING SHIPS
The Berlin Crisis
– In Germany, many people living in East Berlin
(Soviet controlled) were fleeing to West Berlin
because of poor conditions
– Soviet leader Khrushchev threatened to close off
the entire city of Berlin to prevent the movement
of people.
– President Kennedy addressed the nation saying
that we would not be driven out of Berlin.
– On the morning of August 13, 1961, Soviets
began building the Berlin Wall between East and
West Berlin.
The Berlin Crisis
TENSIONS RISE DURING THE REMAINDER OF 1961. ON
AUGUST 13TH EAST GERMANY BEGINS PREPARING FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL
By September 1st the Cold War took a turn for the worst
when the USSR began atmospheric nuclear testing!
IN JUNE OF 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY WENT TO
BERLIN AND DELIVERED HIS FAMOUS “ICH BIN EIN
BERLINER” SPEECH ( I AM A BERLINER) TO SHOW THE
U.S. DETERMINATION TO KEEP BERLIN FREE.
Trouble in Cuba Again!
– As the Cold War began, the U.S. had put missiles
in Europe and Asia (Turkey, Middle East)
– Oct. 14, 1962, American U-2 planes discovered
Soviet missiles in Cuba.
– Oct. 22 - Kennedy informs the nation of the
missiles and our intentions to
blockade/quarantine the island.
– He also states that any attack from Cuba would
lead to an U.S. attack on the USSR.
– The U.S. implements the naval quarantine of Cuba,
blocking Soviet ships from reaching island.
– The world held their breath and waited!
– 13 days later on Oct. 28 – the USSR announces a
plan to remove missiles from Cuba.
…And that is why they called the movie
“Thirteen Days”!
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1962
THE CLOSEST THE WORLD HAS COME
TO FULL SCALE NUCLEAR WAR
Aerial photographs from U.S. spy planes left no doubt that the
Russians were installing nuclear missiles in Cuba aimed at the
U.S.
LOW ALTITUDE VIEW OF MISSILE PREPARATION AREA.
THE PILOT TAKING THIS SHOT FLEW AT AN ALTITUDE OF
ABOUT 250 FEET, AND AT THE SPEED OF SOUND.
EACH ONE OF THE RUSSIAN MISSILES IN CUBA
HAD THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF 50 HIROSHIMA
TYPE ATOMIC BOMBS
DECLASSIFIED
1962 MAP
SHOWING THE
DISTANCES
NUCLEAR ARMED
MISSILES WOULD
GO IF FIRED FROM
CUBA. ALMOST
ALL MAJOR US
POPULATION
CENTERS WERE
WITHIN RANGE.
MAPS LIKE THIS
CONVINCED JFK
THAT THE SOVIET
MISSILES MUST
BE REMOVED
FROM CUBA.
OCTOBER 27, 1962: THE
SOVIET SHIP GROZNY
CROSSES THE QUARANTINE
LINE, BUT STOPS AFTER U.S.
NAVY SHIPS FIRE STAR
SHELLS ACROSS HER BOW.
PHOTOS OF US SHIPS ENFORCNG THE
QUARANTINE AND (LEFT) SHADOWING A
SOVIET SUBMARINE
The Space Race began!
– Oct 4, 1957 - Sputnik I, is the 1st
unmanned satellite sent into orbit by
the Soviets
– many Americans are left feeling
vulnerable to nuclear attack
– US made changes in education with
an emphasis on science, math and
foreign languages
– Jan 31, 1958 – the 1st US satellite is
launched!
THE U.S. DID NOT GET AN
OBJECT INTO ORBIT UNTIL
JANUARY OF 1958, AFTER
SEVERAL EMBARRASSING
FAILURES. THE SPACE
RACE WAS ON.
The Space Race continues!
• Under President Kennedy the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) expanded by
constructing a new launch facility at Cape
Canaveral, FL and a control center in Houston, TX.
• On May 5, 1961, Mercury Astronaut Alan B.
Shepard, Jr. blasted off in his Freedom 7 capsule
atop a Mercury-Redstone rocket
His 15-minute sub-orbital flight
made him the first American in
space!!!!
The Race to the MOON!!!
• By the early 1960s, President
Kennedy had pledged increased
support for the American Space
Program. The race to the moon
continued through the 1960s as both
the US and the Soviets invested
intense amounts of time and money.
• U.S. astronaut John Glenn was the
first American to orbit the Earth.
The Race to the MOON!!!
• In 1969, American astronaut Neil
Armstrong was the first person to step
onto the moon’s surface during the
Apollo 11 mission.
• He proclaimed,
“That’s one small
step for a man;
one giant leap
for mankind.”
A NATIONAL NIGHTMARE BEGINS:
THE ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR
PRESIDENT HO
CHI MINH,
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
VIET NAM
(communist)
PRESIDENT
NGO DINH
DIEM
REPUBLIC OF
VIET NAM
(capitalist)
The U.S. supported the Catholic, Ngo Dinh Diem, who was hated
by the majority of the South Vietnamese who were Buddhist.
We did so because he WAS NOT communist!
His misrule led to a small rebellion which grew into a major war
in the early 1960’s. President Eisenhower sent a small training
unit to help build Diem’s army in 1955.
PRESIDENT OF SOUTH VIETNAM NGO DINH DIEM, LEFT, IS WELCOMED IN CEREMONIES AT WASHINGTON
NATIONAL AIRPORT. WITH HIM IS PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, AND BEHIND THEM, FROM LEFT,
AIR FORCE CHIEF OF STAFF GENERAL NATHAN TWINING, SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN FOSTER DULLES, AND
PRESIDENTIAL AIDE AND PILOT, COLONEL WILLIAM C. DRAPER. 05/08/1957
US ARMY ADVISORS TRAINING SOUTH
VIETNAMESE SOLDIERS IN 1961-62
Both Korea and Vietnam were
products of the U.S. Domino theory:
the idea that countries bordering
communist countries were in more
danger of falling to communism
unless the U.S. and other western
nations worked to prevent it.
President Kennedy, to avoid being accused of “losing South
Vietnam” as President Truman was accused of “losing China”,
increased the number of military advisors from 800 to 16,000 and
formed the green berets special forces. To protest the Catholic
Diem’s attacks on Buddhist pagodas, Buddhist priests set fire to
themselves in protest. The U.S. decided that Diem's murderous
regime was too unpopular and supported an army coup that killed
Diem.
VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST
MONKS SET THEMSELVES ON
FIRE TO PROTEST THE
BRUTAL DIEM REGIME.
The Kennedy Assassination
• On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was visiting
Dallas, TX
• He was shot in the head by Lee Harvey Oswald
• The accused assassin was killed by Jack Ruby
on live TV.
• Kennedy is buried in Arlington National
Cemetery
• The Warren Commission investigated the
shooting and found that Oswald acted
alone…..so they say!!!
Dealey Plaza & the
Texas Schoolbook
Depository
Rifle found at the
Depository
Lee Harvey Oswald
LBJ Takes Office
Lyndon Baines Johnson
takes office and takes on
the challenges ahead!
The US gets more involved in
Vietnam!
• 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
– LBJ claims that Vietnam attacked US
vessels in international waters on routine
patrols
– Congress endorses resolution authorizing
him "to take all necessary measures to
repel any armed attack against the forces
of the US and to prevent further
aggression"
– We found out four years later that LBJ had
lied about the role of US destroyers, they
had actually been on an espionage
mission in N. Vietnam’s waters and had
not even been fired on by the N.
Vietnamese vessels
LBJ stated in the 1964 presidential campaign he
was “not going to send American boys nine or ten
thousand miles away from home to do what
Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves.” By
early 1965, the communists were well on their
way to victory and Johnson had to either increase
U.S. involvement or see South Vietnam defeated.
In 1965 after Vietnamese Communist
(Viet Cong) forces attacked several
American bases LBJ authorized the
"Rolling Thunder" campaign, the
systematic bombing of North Vietnam.
This bombing would continue off and on
for the next seven years.
In Vietnam, the
U.S. dropped three
times the tonnage
used in all of World
War II, and 12
times the tonnage
used in the Korean
War.
Neither LBJ nor the
American people were
willing to resort to the
kind of all-out war the
United States had
fought against Japan
and Germany. He
thought we could win
the war with massive
bombing and limited
U.S. ground troops.
LBJ announced in
July 1965, U.S.
troops would
now engage in
combat. By the
end of 1965
there were
180,000 U.S.
troops in
Vietnam. This
grew to 500,000
by the beginning
of 1968.
The geography of Vietnam made it a
difficult battleground for U.S.
soldiers.
Much of the land was covered with jungles and
rice paddies making it hard for U.S. armor (tanks
and armored personnel carriers) to move around.
Dense foliage prevented aerial observation and
allowed the enemy to move unhindered and stage
ambushes.
It was impossible to tell who the enemy were,
for the communist Vietcong were integrated into
the countryside villages.
Monsoon (rainy) seasons prevented the
effective use of American airpower.
U.S. troop strength in Vietnam:
1960-1972
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
60- 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
63
Air mobility:
the U.S. had
complete
mastery of
the air in
South
Vietnam
The U.S. military set up schools and
clinics in an attempt to win the “hearts
and minds” of the South Vietnamese
people.
The Communist response to high tech weapons:
How could they counter the U.S.’s massive
superiority in firepower and control of the air?
VC terror tactics: bombing
VC soldier sheltering
underground
Vietcong traps used to
wound or kill American
and South Vietnamese
soldiers
Used systems of Underground Tunnels
Many people protested the war throughout the
1960’s
There were several types of protests
ranging from “teach-ins” on college
campuses to marches and civil
disobedience.
Early teach-in
and anti-war
street protests
The Protests continued…
In May of 1970, a Kent State University anti-war (Cambodian
invasion) protest turned deadly. National guardsmen opened fire
on protesting students that would not dis-ban, killing four and
wounding 8.
Kent State photo that shocked the nation
LBJ announced he
would not run for
president again in
1968
The Election of 1968
• The most chaotic election in US history
• Democratic candidates
– Hubert H. Humphrey, U.S. Vice President from Minnesota
– Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. senator from New York and
former Attorney General (assassinated in June 1968!)
– Eugene J. McCarthy, U.S. senator from Minnesota
– George S. McGovern, U.S. senator from South Dakota
• Republican candidates
– Richard M. Nixon, former Vice President and 1960
presidential nominee from California
– Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York and
candidate for the 1960 and 1964 nominations
– Ronald W. Reagan, Governor of California
– George W. Romney, Governor of Michigan and candidate
1964 nomination (Yes…this is Mitt’s Dad!)
– Harold E. Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and
candidate for the 1948, 1952 and 1964 nominations
Richard M. Nixon became the 37th President of the
United States when he defeated Hubert H.
Humphrey who had been LBJ’s Vice-President.
Nixon campaigned with a slogan that he had a
“secret plan” to end the Vietnam War.
Richard Milhous Nixon
• Born in California
• Lawyer, graduated from Duke University
• Served in the United States Navy during World
War II
• Served in the United States House of
Representatives& in the United States Senate
• Served as the Vice President of the U.S. under
President Eisenhower from 1953 until 1961
• Ran against JFK in Election of 1960 and lost
(but race was very close)
Nixon and Vietnam
1969 saw some of the bloodiest fighting of
the war. This led to massive anti-war
demonstrations and the announcement of
a new policy.
The Nixon Administration
• The new policy called
Vietnamization…….
….an attempt to turn war over
to Vietnamese by withdrawing
troops
Examples of Vietnamization
President Nixon, as part of
Vietnamization, began withdrawing
U.S. troops from Vietnam
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
troops
1969
1970
1971
Nixon Administration
• Jan. 27, 1973 - Paris Peace Agreement
– treaty and cease fire signed by US and N.
Viet
– N. Viet troops remain in the south
– Nixon promises to respond if north breaks
the peace agreement
– March 29, 1973 - last U.S. combat troops
leave
– cease-fire broken within a few months
The end in Vietnam
Nixon’s plan of talking and bombing led to results
in the Paris Peace talks which had been going on
since 1968. With pressure placed on North
Vietnam by both the USSR and China a final
agreement/ceasefire was reached in January of
1973. The treaty allowed the U.S. to withdraw
almost all of its troops. Unfortunately for South
Vietnam the ceasefire agreement was just a
prelude to a massive North Vietnamese invasion.
It was all over by April of 1975, when communist
forces entered the South Vietnamese capitol city
of Saigon and renamed it Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam was reunited under a communist
government. The U.S. mission to protect South
Vietnam had failed.
The human cost of the Vietnam war.
U.S. Battle deaths 1960-1972
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
60- 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
63
% Vietnam combat death by race
90
81.1
80
70
60
50
Caucasian
Hispanic
Black
Other Races
40
30
20
10
5.2
12.5
1.2
0
% combat deaths
Vietnam’s Legacy
•
•
•
•
58,000 U.S. killed
365,000 U.S. wounded
1.5 million Viet killed
returning home
– Post traumatic stress syndrome
• POW/MIA
• Vietnam War Memorial: The Wall
– Maya Ying Lin
• U.S. Policy
– abolished the draft
– War Powers Act (Nov. 1973)
– Vietnam syndrome
Stage Three of the War
ended on
January 27, 1973
South Vietnam fell to the North
Vietnamese Viet Minh on
April 30, 1975
Vietnam’s Legacy
•
•
•
•
58,000 U.S. killed
365,000 U.S. wounded
1.5 million Viet killed
returning home
– Post traumatic stress syndrome
• POW/MIA
• Vietnam War Memorial: The Wall
– Maya Ying Lin
• U.S. Policy
– abolished the draft
– War Powers Act (Nov. 1973)
– Vietnam syndrome
Although the Cold War was
not over…
...tensions started to fade
away!
U.S. and China
Richard Nixon reversed the previous policy of
non-recognition of the new “communist”
government of China in a two step process.
First the Chinese invited a U.S. ping pong team to
play in China. This was followed by an invitation
for Nixon himself to visit China.
Original Chinese ping pong players at a 25th reunion of the event
Nixon was convinced that if we
were “getting along” with the
Chinese that the Soviets would
want to work on improving
diplomatic relations
He was CORRECT!
The Soviet Union encountered
massive internal problems as
the communist economic
system and totalitarian regime
proved to be incapable of
meeting the needs and wants
of the Soviet population.
In May of 1972, Richard Nixon
became the first American President
to visit the U.S.S.R.
Nixon and Brezhnev
Results of Détente with the USSR
Wheat deal: U.S. agreed to sell the USSR over a billion
dollars in wheat to feed the Russian people. After the
wheat deal, Russia became more cautious in promoting
revolutions in third world countries. They also helped get
North Vietnam to the bargaining table. The wheat deal
helped American farmers who were struggling with a
surplus of wheat.
Also U.S. oil drilling equipment was sold to the USSR to
help them develop their oilfields in Siberia.
Increasing military expenses
in order to compete with the
United States was also a
drain on its inefficient
economy.
The economic problems in the
USSR were compounded by
rising nationalism in the Soviet
republics beyond Russia.
Mikhail Gorbachev, the last
leader of the Soviet Union
recognized the need to
restructure his country’s political
and economic system. He
instituted a policies called
“glasnost” which encouraged
openness as well as
“perestroika” or an economic
restructuring to encourage
growth and prosperity.
The US President during the last years of the Cold War, Ronald
Regan challenged the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union.
In a speech given at the Berlin Wall he called out to his Soviet
counterpart saying “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!”
During his presidency the US increased the military and
economic pressure on the Soviet Union.
George H. W. Bush’s presidency
saw the end of the Cold War as
communism began to fall in
Eastern Europe.
By 1989, East and West Germany worked toward
reunification while Yugoslavia divided into several
new and independent countries.
The Cold War officially ended
when the Soviet Union broke up
into 15 independent nations.
The heavy military expenditures throughout
the Cold War benefited Virginia’s economy
proportionately more than any other state,
especially in Hampton Roads, as we are
home to several large naval and air bases.
Northern Virginia also benefited, as it is home to
the Pentagon and many private companies that
contract with the military.
During the Cold War era, millions
of Americans served in the
military, defending freedom in
wars and conflicts that were not
always popular. Many were killed
or wounded. As a result of their
service, the United States and
American ideals of democracy
and freedom ultimately prevailed
in the Cold War struggle with the
Soviet Union.
The Cold War lasted from the
end of World War II in the
1940’s until the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1990.