Transcript Isolationism & Globalization

Isolation v. Globalization in
World War I
SSUSH15a-c, SSUSH16a
SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and
impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.
a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to
engagement in World War I, with reference to
unrestricted submarine warfare.
b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as
reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the
Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.
c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed
League of Nations.
SSUSH16 The student will identify key
developments in the aftermath of WW I.
a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in
the United States led to the Red Scare and
immigrant restriction.
Origins of World War I
• Causes
– Balkan nationalism
– Militarism
– Entangling alliances
• Early war in Europe
– Assassination of Archduke (June 28, 1914)
– Mobilization
– Invasion of France, development of trench lines
Origins of World War I
• U.S. Neutrality
– Wilson’s Declaration of Neutrality
• August 19, 1914
The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what
American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America
will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of
impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned…
…The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name,
during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in
thought, as well as action…
World War I
• Submarine warfare
– February 5th, 1915 –
Germany announces
submarine blockade of
Britain
• Why?
German warning to
American passengers
– May 7th, 1915 – Lusitania
sunk
• 1,198 civilians, includes 128
Americans killed
• Takes 18 minutes to sink
The Lusitania
• British ocean liner
– Carried articles of war
(up to 1/2 of cargo)
• 1,250 cases of shrapnel shells; 18 cases of fuses;
4,200 cases of Remington rifle cartridges (1,000 to
a box); 50 cases of explosive powder
• U.S. Response:
– Wilson issues demand
to stop sub attacks
– William Jennings
Bryan resigns in
protest
Aftermath of the Lusitania
• Sussex Pledge
– Germany promises not to attack any more
ships
• National Defense Act
– June 1916
– Basically doubles size of army, spends $313
million to improve the navy
1916 Presidential Election
• Woodrow Wilson
– “He kept us out of war” - Slogan
– Supported U.S. neutrality officially, while
building up the army & navy and loaning
money to the Allied powers
– Argued for a “peace without victory”
• Central Question of the time:
Isolationism v. Globalization
• Isolationism
– William Jennings Bryan, Secretary of State,
argued for neutrality
• No loans to powers that were fighting, U.S. should
stay out of the war
• Globalization
– Theodore Roosevelt and others argued that the
U.S. should intervene on the side of the Allies
• Germany attacked the U.S. by attacking British ships
Road to War
• Submarine Attacks
– In desperation, unrestricted submarine warfare
began again on February 1, 1917
• Germans hoped to defeat Allied before U.S. could
impact the war
• Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
– German foreign secretary Zimmerman sent
telegram to Mexico asking them join war in
return for New Mexico, Texas and Arizona
– Intercepted by British and leaked to American
newspapers
Zimmerman Telegram
Declaration of War
• April 2, 1917
"The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace
must be planted upon the tested foundations of political
liberty… It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful
people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of
all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in, the
balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and
we shall fight for the things which we have always
carried nearest our hearts--for democracy, for the right of
those who submit to authority to have a voice in their
own governments, for the rights and liberties of small
nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a
concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety
to all nations and make the world itself at last free…"
U.S. in World War I
• Soldiers called “doughboys”
• Major battles:
– 2nd Battle of the Marne
– St. Mihiel
– Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Domestic Impact of U.S. during WW I
• Domestic Impact: How the war impacted
Americans at home
• Ways the war impacted America:
– “Great Migration”
– Espionage Act & Privacy
– Eugene Debs & Socialism
– Changing Workforce Demographics
Domestic Impact of U.S. during
WW I
“Great Migration” (1890’s-1920’s)
• Mass movement of African Americans to
northern cities
Black Population Trends
• Why?
1890s 1960s
– Escape negative
Southern 90.3%
aspects of Southern
Rural
90%
life
– Economic
Northern 9.7%
opportunities
Urban
10%
10%
5%
90%
95%
Domestic Impact of U.S. during
WW I
“Great Migration” (1890’s-1920’s)
• African-Americans created separate
communities within northern cities
– Best example: Harlem in New York City
• Helps lead to the Harlem Renaissance
• Race relations deteriorate
– Northern resistance
(residential segregation)
– Marcus Garvey: racial pride
and self-help
– Rise of the 2nd Ku Klux Klan
Domestic Impact of U.S. during WW I
Eugene Debs and socialism
• Eugene Debs (1855-1926)
– Helped establish Socialist
Party of America
– Ran for President in 1904,
1908, 1912 and 1920
– Served 5 years in prison for
violating the Espionage Act
Socialism: system of government that argues the workers
should control the government and that government should own
industry, ex. Communism
Domestic Impact of U.S. during WW I
Espionage Act and Privacy
• Espionage Act of 1917
– Made it illegal to interfere with military recruitment or
operations, or to openly support America’s enemies
• Most famous violator: Eugene V. Debs
Debs was a pacifist. He, along with many other socialists, argued that the
United States should not enter World War I
– Schenck v. United States (1919) – Constitutional, not a
violation of 1st Amendment [freedom of speech]
– Still in effect today
• Some want Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, charged under
the Espionage Act for his actions in releasing classified military
documents from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
Communism and Socialism in the U.S.
Red Scare
• Nationwide fear of communists
• Why?
– Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917)
• Goal: Worldwide Communism
[Comintern]
– Anarchist bombings throughout U.S.
– Rise of labor unions/workers rights advocates
Communism and Socialism in the U.S.
Red Scare
• Palmer Raids (1919-21)
– Series of attacks on American communists
• Began after series of bombings targeting important
Americans
– Led by A. Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Attorney
General
– Many arrested / deported
• Most poor immigrants
Communism and Socialism in the U.S.
Red Scare
• Sacco and Vanzetti
– Two anarchist immigrants charged
with murder in 1920
• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
– Little evidence, but sentenced to death anyway
• Executed August 23, 1927
Judge Webster Taylor, speaking about Vanzetti: “although he may
not actually have committed the crime attributed to him, is
nevertheless morally culpable [guilty], because he is an enemy of
our existing institutions…The defendant’s ideals are cognate
[associated] with crime.” [as quoted in The Year the World Went Mad, by Allen Churchill]
Communism and Socialism in the U.S.
Immigration Restriction
• Immigration = problem
– Solution? Quotas
• First limits:
– 350,000 persons/yr., no more than 3% of
current population
• National Origins Act of 1924
– Quota reduced to 2% and 150,000 total
– Banned Asian immigration
Domestic Impact of U.S. during WW I
• Changing workforce demographics
– Great Migration = more African-American
industrial workers
– World War I = more women employed
Wilson’s Fourteen
Points
• January 8, 1918
– Speech to Congress
made by President
Woodrow Wilson
• Set out U.S. war goals
– Idealistic
– War was moral and
continual peace was the
main goal
1. Open Treaties
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Equality of trade
4. Reduction in armaments
5. Self-determination
6. Reestablishing Russia
7. Restoration of Belgium
8. Alsace-Lorraine to France
9. Adjustment of Italy’s
boundaries
10.Breakup of Austria-Hungary
11.Freedom for Balkan states
12.Breakup of Ottoman Empire
13.Freedom for Poland
14.League of Nations
League of Nations
• Extra-national organization
founded after World War I
• Purpose:
– Eliminate future wars by settling disputes
between nations by negotiation and arbitration
• U.S. fails to join
– Does not ratify Treaty of Versailles
Return to Isolationism
• U.S. does not join League of Nations
• Returns to isolationism