Transcript post 1865 grad review part I

79 Post-1865
Concepts/Words/Events/Vocabulary
You need to know for the Graduation
Test in Social Studies Part I
Amendments 13,14,15
Civil War amendments:
• Makes the slaves free
• Protects slaves rights
• Gives freedmen the right to vote
Reconstruction- to rebuild
Reconstruction
the era in the U.S. history from 1863 to
1877, when the U.S. focused on:
• abolishing slavery,
• destroying all traces of the Confederacy,
• and through three new constitutional
amendments (13,14,15) establishing the
rights of Freedmen, the name used for
freed slaves
Presidential Reconstruction and Radical
Republican Reconstruction.
Presidential is
• Only 10% of
southerners required
to take pledge of
allegiance to the
Union
• Forgiveness
Radical Republican is
• Punish all former
Confederates
• Guarantee
freedmen’s rights
• Remain the main
political party (Rep.)
Andrew Johnson and radical
republicans
• Johnson takes over as President after
Lincoln is assassinated. He tries to have a
reconstruction that does not destroy the
South
• Johnson agrees in the main with Lincoln
but also faces opposition from the radical
republicans in Congress
• They still want to “punish” the South
Reconstruction’s military districts
• At the end of the Civil War, the
defeated South was a ruined
land but they did not want to
follow what Congress asked
them to.
• In 1867, Congress enacted the
Reconstruction Act, which
divided the South into five
military districts in which the
authority of the army
commander was supreme.
Reconstruction in the South
• Freedman’s Bureau
• Establishment of all black colleges such as
Morehouse
• KKK
• Black codes
• Jim Crow laws
• Redistribution of land among former
slaves
Freedmen’s Bureau.
• Organization to help newly freed slaves to
adjust to freedom with education and
assistance
• Tries to help former slaves get their own
land but is fairly unsuccessful
Black Codes
• series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate
states, 1865-66, dealing with the status of the
newly freed slaves.
• Granted certain basic civil rights to blacks (the
right to marry, to own personal property, and to
sue in court), they also provided for the
segregation of public facilities
• Placed severe restrictions on the freedman's
status as a free laborer, his right to own real
estate, and his right to testify in court.
Jim Crow laws
• statutes enacted by Southern states and
municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that
legalized segregation between blacks and
whites.
• The name is believed to be derived from a
character in a popular minstrel song.
• The Supreme Court ruling in 1896 in Plessy v.
Ferguson that separate facilities for whites and
blacks were constitutional encouraged the
passage of discriminatory laws that wiped out
the gains made by blacks during Reconstruction.
Compromise of 1877
• Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
was awarded the White House
on the understanding that Hayes
would remove the federal troops
that were propping up
Republican state governments in
the South and allow Southerners
to have their own way
• The “smoke filled room bargain”
• Ends reconstruction. The South
is on their own and free to do
what they want to
Susan B. Anthony
• prominent American
civil rights leader who
played a pivotal role in
the 19th century
women's rights
movement to introduce
women's suffrage and
equal rights into the
United States.
The Spoils System
• Pre-1880 election.
• Newly elected officials
would discharge
1000’s of
officeholders and
replace them with
political favorites.
Pendleton Act fixes the Spoils System
Provided the following reforms:
• A Civil Service Commission would be formed to
administer tests to qualified applicants for government
jobs;
• Competitive exams would be used to hire some
government workers;
• Government employees would no longer be forced to
make campaign contributions to political parties.
• Government workers would be hired based on merit,
through education and testing, rather than being based
on which party the applicant supported.
Central Pacific and Union Pacific
Railroads
• First 2 railroads to cross the continent from
the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
• Mainly built by Irish and Chinese laborers
• Joined in Promontory, Utah
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• a United States federal
law
• allowed the U.S. to
suspend/stop Chinese
immigration into the
country and not allow the
Chinese already in the
US to become citizens
• Done because Americans
thought the Chinese were
lowering wages which
was not accurate
• Basically a racist law
Effect of Railroads on Big business
and steel
• With railroads crossing North America,
business can now serve the whole country
and gather resources from the whole
country. They can become very large, very
quickly because of this advance in
transportation technology
• Steel becomes a huge business because
railroads must have steel for their rails
Ellis Island
• Main entry point
for immigrants to
America in the
19th and 20th
centuries
The new immigration
• Change in ethnicity of
immigrants in 1880
• Previously came from
Northern Europe
(England, Ireland and
Germany) in 1800
• In 1880 coming from
Southern and Central
Europe (Italians, Slavs,
Russians, Jews)
Immigration changes Urban
America
• Immigrants tend to locate in the cites of the
North or the Mid-West. Few come South.
• Tend to work in factories
• Second Industrial Revolution takes off like a
forest fire due to their plentiful labor
• Cities grow rapidly and there are not enough
services
• Slums develop
• Tenements
• Gradually services such as roads, hospitals
develop
• Wealth becomes more centered in the cities
The second great migration
• Movement of many African-Americans
from the South to the North in search of a
better life
• Late 1800’s to
mid-1900’s
Industrial Revolution II
• Explosion of inventions and technology in
the late 1800’s that set the basis for
modern America
• Time of Edison, Bell, Steel, Standard oil,
Carnegie, Vanderbilt
Rockefeller,
robber barons
Thomas Edison-inventor
•
•
•
•
•
electric light bulb
motion pictures
Dictaphone
X-rays
phonograph
John D. Rockefeller and the Standard
Oil Company
• Developed oil industry • At one time controlled
in America
95% of oil industry in
America
• “Owned” SOC
• Ida Tarbell exposed
his ruthless business
practices
• SOC disbanded as a
monopoly
Ida Tarbell
• Muckraker and
investigative journalist
• Exposed Standard Oil’s
Practices and
Rockefeller’s
ruthlessness
• Helped in the destruction
of Standard Oil as a
monopoly
The Jungle
• Book written by Upton
Sinclair , another
muckraker, that exposed
the “filthy” practices of the
meat packing industry
• Remember that Upton
makes you upchuck
Progressivism
• Movement in late
1800’s that tried to
reform American
politics, society, and
practices
Progressive government reforms
• Initiative - a process that enables citizens to
bypass their state legislature by placing
proposed statutes and, in some states,
constitutional amendments on the ballot.
• Referendum-is an issue that appears on the
ballot as a result of a voter petition drive.
• Recall- allows citizens to remove and replace a
public official before the end of a term of office.
• Direct election of senators- the voters elect
senators
Boss Tweed
• Thomas Nast worked diligently to expose
the abuses of the NYC political machine
called Tammany Hall and its leader Boss
Tweed through the use of political
cartoons.
• Tweed was convicted of embezzlement
and died in prison.
Progressive Reform of labor laws
• Child Labor laws such as small children
can not work with cutting blades
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in New York
results in safety laws
• Consumer protection laws such as no lead
paint used on children's toys
Progressive Reform of poor living
conditions in cities
• Jacob Riis exposed the plight of the urban
poor and substandard housing in his 1890
book “How the Other Half Lives”
• NYC passed building codes to promote
safety and health.
• Cities began to use city commissions and
city managers to create more efficient
government
Social Darwinism
• The belief that only the wealthiest and
most productive in society should come
first and survive
Social gospel
• The American
Protestant
movement that
preached in the late
1800’s that it was
the church’s role to
improve people’s
situation in life
1894 Pullman strike
• occurred when 3,000 Pullman Palace Car
Company workers reacted to a 25% wage
cut by going on a wildcat strike in Illinois,
in 1894, bringing traffic west of Chicago to
a halt.
• Federal troops
were used to
settle the
strike
Jane Addams and Hull House
• was a founder of the U.S.
Settlement House
movement
• first American women to
be awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize.
• Founded Hull House, one
of the first settlement
houses in the U.S. and
eventually grew into one
of the largest
• Provided social,
educational, artistic, and
economic programs to
poor and newly arrived
immigrants in Chicago
American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers
founds the AFL or
American federation of
Labor
• One of the first unions
• Wants to change
working conditions
such as 18 hour days
Samuel Gompers
• Union organizer and
labor leader
• Created American
Federation of Labor
union (AFL)
• Worked to better
working conditions in the
U.S.
Issues in the West
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•
White men Killing off the Buffalo
Increased white settlers
Plowing up the Plain
Indian way of life ending due to disease
and food sources decreasing
• Reservations
• Indian wars as they try to survive
• Racism and genocide
Sitting Bull.
• Led the Dakota Sioux
people as their main
medicine man
• Advocated the union of
all Indian tribes against
the White man
• Was present at Battle
of Little Big Horn
where General Custer
fell
Ghost Dance
• Indian spiritual leader, Wovoka, created a dance
to bring back the “old ways”
• Indians danced it and prayed for the buffalo to
return
• Americans scared by the dance and it leads to
the Wounded knee massacre
• Place where a
Massacre by American
soldiers against the old
and very young of the
Dakota Sioux Indian
tribe occurred
• Ended revolts by the
Native Americans in
the West
Wounded
Knee
Spanish-American War
• War between Spain and the United States
that took place in 1898, over the issues of
the liberation of Cuba.
• Strong expansionist sentiment/feelings in
the United States motivated the USA to
develop a plan for annexation of Spain's
remaining overseas territories including
the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
Spanish American War
• war began after the American demand for
Spain's peaceful resolution of the Cuban fight for
independence was rejected by Spain
• We sent in the warship USS Maine which was
blown up
• Yellow journalism affected the American people
to demand war with Spain.
• War gave the United States control, among
other territories, of the former Spanish colonies
of Puerto Rico the Philippines and Guam
The war in the Philippines
• Commodore George Dewey and Emilio
Aguinaldo defeated the Spanish in the
Philippines.
• The Philippines declared independence from
Spain on June 12, 1898.
• In 1899 the First Philippine Republic was
proclaimed by Aguinaldo, however……
• In the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the
Philippines, to the United States. The USA says
the Philippines are not to be independent so….
• The Philippine-American War began
• The USA wins
• Fought in Spanish
American War
• Carry a big stick
president- the Corollary
• Square Deal
• Trust buster
• RR reform
• Panama Canal
• Listened to muckrakers
and believed in cleaning
up the country
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Stopped monopolies with
Sherman Anti-trust act
• Set up national parks
Teddy Roosevelt
Square Deal
• The Square Deal
was President
Theodore
Roosevelt's
domestic program
primarily aimed at
helping middle
class citizens.
Roosevelt Corollary
a corollary (1904) or
addition to the Monroe
Doctrine, asserting that
the U.S. might intervene,
like a policeman, if it
wanted to, in the affairs of
any country in the
Western Hemisphere if
they were threatened with
seizure or intervention by
a European country.
Big Stick Diplomacy: "Speak softly and carry a big
stick, and you will go far."
• Roosevelt said that the
United States had the
right to be an
“international police
power” over the Western
Hemisphere.
• He said that other
countries did not have the
authority to cause unrest
in the Western
Hemisphere, most
specifically in reference to
conflicts between Europe
and Latin America
Imperialism
• Belief in building an
empire outside of
one’s original land
borders by obtaining
colonies that can
give you raw
materials and
resources
Trust
• Companies in related fields agree to
combine under the direction of a single
board of trustees, which meant that
shareholders had no say.
Sherman Anti-Trust Law
• outlawed trusts
and
monopolies in
business
• Teddy used it to
“trust bust”
• The US helped
Panama separate
from Colombia
• Therefore, Panama
let the US build the
canal on their land
• Joins the Pacific
and Atlantic
oceans
• Had an enormous
impact on shipping
Panama
Canal.
Pure Food and Drug Act
• Set standards for the production and sale
of food and drugs: have to list ingredients
on labels
Teddy and conservation
• Teddy loved the outdoors
and hunting
• Declared several areas
national parks and thereby
created the national park
system
“Dollar” diplomacy
• the term used to describe
the efforts of the United
States — particularly
under President William
Howard Taft — to further
its foreign policy aims in
Latin America and East
Asia through use of its
economic power by
making and guaranteeing
loans to foreign
countries.
Populist Party
• political party formed primarily to express
the agrarian or rural protest of the late
19th cent.
• In some states the party was known as the
People's party.
W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T.
Washington
• Dubois was an American
civil rights activist who
wanted immediate
integration with Whites
• Washington was an
American civil rights
activist who wanted
gradual integration of
blacks into white society
Niagara Movement and the
NAACP
• The Niagara Movement was a civil rights
organization founded in 1905 by a group led by
W. E. B. Du Bois
• It was named for the "mighty current" of change
the group was inspired by Niagara Falls, which
was near where the first meeting took place
• Later, he founds the NAACP
• It called for opposition to racial segregation as
well as policies of accommodation and
conciliation promoted by African American
leaders such as Booker T. Washington.
WWI
• A war fought from 1914 to 1918, in which
Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium,
Italy, Japan, the United States, and other
allies defeated Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Turkey, and Bulgaria.
Isolationism
• Keeping to one’s self
• When a nation does not
interact or get involved
in other nation’s affairs
• America was very slow
to get involved in WWI
because of a spirit of
isolationism among
Americans
The Luisitania
• Lusitania was torpedoed by the German
submarine U-20 on 7 May 1915.
• 1,198 die
• The sinking turned public opinion in many
countries , including the USA, against
Germany.
• Led to America entering WWI
The Zimmerman Telegram 1917
• was a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign
Secretary of the German Empire, to the German
ambassador in the United States of America
• Telegram said that if Mexico would turn against
the USA and fight them, Germany would give
them Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
• When Americans heard about the telegram that
had been intercepted by British code breakers ,
they demanded to enter WWI
There have been two major
campaigns of unrestricted
submarine warfare:
•
The First Battle of the
Atlantic during World War
I, waged by Germany
against Britain and her
allies. This warfare was
the cause for the United
States entry into the war in
1917.
•
The Second Battle of the
Atlantic during World War
II between 1939 and 1945,
waged by Germany,
mainly against Britain and
her allies.
Unrestricted
submarine warfare.
Causes of WWI
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Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Arms race
Lust for Glory
Submarine warfare
ANIMALSS
Neutrality
• Not on either or
any side, None of
our business.
• America tried to
be neutral in the
war between
Britain and
Germany but
became involved
in what is later
called WWI
Capitalism
• The economic system of the USA
• Where business and people own the
means of production and make choices as
to how they will buy and sell with little to
no government interference
Eugene V. Debs
• was an American union leader,
• one of the founding members of the International
Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW), as well as ….
• candidate for President of the United States as a
member of the Socialist Democratic Party in
1900, and later as a member of the Socialist
Party of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.
Espionage Act
• Act created to silence people against WWI such
as Eugene Debs. Made it against the law to
interfere with the operation or success of the
armed forces of the United States or to promote
the success of its enemies.
• Eugene Debs was arrested and sentenced to 10
years in prison for making a speech that
"obstructed recruiting". He served 3 years.
Trench Warfare in WWI
New weapons in WWI
•
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Tank
Zeppelin or blimp
Airplanes
Machine guns
Submarines
Flame throwers
Barbed wire
Steel helmets
Artillery cannon and mortars
Poison gas-mustard, chlorine
• The Central
Powers
consisted of the
German Empire,
the AustroHungarian
Empire, the
Ottoman Empire,
and the Kingdom
of Bulgaria
• They fought
against Britain,
Russia, France,
Italy and the
USA, in WWI
Central Powers
• The countries at war
with the Central
Powers during
World War I.
• The main allies or
entente were the
Russian Empire,
France, the British
Empire, Italy, the
Empire of Japan,
and the United
States
The Entente or
The Triple Entente
Bolshevik revolution
• The October Revolution also
known as the Soviet Revolution
or Bolshevik Revolution
• Bolsheviks are Russian
communists led by Lenin
• They take over the czarist
government and make it
communist
Wilson’s “New Freedom” 1912
• The New Freedom is
the policy of U.S.
President Woodrow
Wilson which promoted
antitrust modification,
tariff revision, and
reform in banking and
currency matters.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• speech on January 8, 1918, after
WWI is won, that laid out
Wilson's foreign policy (free
trade, open agreements,
democracy, and selfdetermination).
• Last point concerns creation of a
League of Nations
Wilson’s 14th Point of his 14 points
speech
• A general association of
nations must be formed
for the purpose of
affording mutual
guarantees of
independence to great
and small states alike
League of Nations
• an international organization
to promote world peace and
cooperation that was
created by the Treaty of
Versailles (1919): dissolved
1946.
• First attempt to have a union
of countries/nations that
would guide , lead the world
and stop war forever
• Current attempt is the UN
Treaty of Versailles 1919
• The Treaty of Versailles was
the peace treaty that ended
WWI
• It required Germany and its
allies to accept responsibility
for causing the war, to
disarm, make substantial
territorial concessions and
pay reparations to certain
countries that had formed the
Allied powers
• It was a main cause of WWII