Transcript United States Constitution Article I Section 8

How Science Affects People’s Lives
• Nano-Technology
• Cyber-Security
• National Security
o
o
o
o
o
o
Radar (RAdio Detection and Ranging)
GPS
Missile Defense
Smart Weapons
Nuclear Weapons
Bio and Chemical Weapons
9/21/09
United States Constitution
Article I Section 8
• The Congress shall have Power To lay and
collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to
pay the Debts and provide for the common
Defence and general Welfare of the United
States
• To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and
among the several States, and with the Indian
Tribes;
• To promote the Progress of Science and useful
Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors
and Inventors the exclusive Right to their
respective Writings and Discoveries;
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• Constitution of the United States Amendment X: “The
powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States or the people.”
• Thomas Jefferson tried to have federal support for
science and technology included in the Constitution, but
the states rights majority fought it and won, as they did
with the central bank at the time.
The populist
movement also considered science a province of the
elite and vigorously fought against it, as they have
periodically ever since.
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• The Early Years
o Failed Advocacies
 Washington and Jefferson: Support for science as an
intellectual pursuit
 Hamilton: Subsidies for advancement of technology for
industry rather than agriculture
o Congressional Blessings
 Lewis and Clark Expedition (1802): Justified by the
Commerce Clause and Military Powers provisions of the
Constitution
 Coast and Geodedic Survey (1816): Led by Ferdinand
Hassler (Swiss) at a cost of $50,000
 Smithsonian Institution (1846): Relied on Secretary Joseph
Henry’s friendship with Members of Congress for support
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• Impact of the Civil War
o Morrill (Land Grant) Act (1862): Established land grant colleges
to advance the agricultural and mechanical arts
o Department of Agriculture (1862): Established to promote
agriculture and rapidly led to the Extension Service for research
o National Academy of Sciences (1863): Created as an outgrowth
of the Navy’s Permanent Commission on military technology
established during the Civil War
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• The Late 19th Century
o Geological Survey (1879)
o Allison Commission (1884-86): Declined to support
congressional recommendations, such as
 Better research coordination among agencies
 Stronger focus on practical results
 Direct political control over research
 Reducing research budgets
 A Department of Science
 A science advisory committee
key
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• The 20th Century Prior to World War II
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
National Bureau of Standards – Commerce Department (19010
Bureau of Reclamation – Interior Department (1902)
Permanent Bureau of the Census – Commerce Department (1902)
Bureau of Mines – Interior Department (1910)
Public Health Service (1912) [Renamed National Institutes of Health
(NIH) in 1930]
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1915) [Precursor to
NASA]
National Research Council (1916) – Arm of National Academy of
Sciences
The Hoover Years (1921-1932): Ascendency of the Commerce
Department (Bureau of Mines &Patent Office transferred from Interior)
and increased federal role in science & technology
National Cancer Institute (1937) – Created within NIH
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• The 20th Century: Highlights of WW II and the Post War Era
o National Defense Research Committee (1940) [Precursor to National
Defense Science Board]
o Office of Scientific Research and Development (1941)
o Kilgore Report – Basis for National Science Foundation (1943)
o Science – The Endless Frontier (Vannevar Bush, July 1945)
o Atomic Energy Commission (1946)
o Office of Naval Research (1946)
o Major Expansion of NIH (1946-50)
o Defense Department Research and Development Board (1947)
o National Science Foundation (1950)
o Science Advisory Committee of Defense Mobilization (1952)
o National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958)
o Energy Research and Development Administration (1975)
o Department of Energy (1977)
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• Federal Agencies Currently Supporting R & D
o Agency for International Development (AID)
o Department of Agriculture ( USDA)
o Department of Commerce: National Institutes of Standards and
Technology (NIST) and National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
o Department of Defense (DOD): Air Force Office of Scientific
Research (AFOSR), Army Research Office (ARO), Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Office of Naval
Research (ONR)
9/23/09
History of U.S. Science Policy
• Federal Agencies Currently Supporting R & D
But wait, there’s more!
9/23/09
U.S. Science Policy
• Federal Agencies Currently Supporting R & D
o Department of Energy (DOE): Advanced Research
Agency – Energy (ARPA-E), Energy Technologies
Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Nuclear Energy Fossil
Environmental Management (EM), National Nuclear
Administration (NNSA), Office of Science (SC)
o Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
o Department of Interior
o Department of Transportation (DOT)
Projects
(Energy
Energy),
Security
9/23/09
U.S. Science Policy
• Federal Agencies Currently Supporting R & D
But wait, there’s more!
9/23/09
U.S. Science Policy
• Federal Agencies Currently Supporting R & D
o Director of National Intelligence: Intelligence Advanced Research
Projects Agency (IARPA)
o Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
o National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
o National Institutes of Health (NIH)
o National Science Foundation (NSF)
o State Department
o Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA)
9/23/09
Assignment for 09/30/09 & 10/05/09
Energy and climate change have been on the policy agenda of many
nations for some time. This December, representatives from countries
around the world will convene in Copenhagen in an attempt to reach an
accord on controlling the emission of greenhouse gases. To prepare
for the meeting, the U.S. representative has asked that he be briefed
on a series of relevant topics. As one of the briefers your task is to
prepare a 10 minute Power Point presentation on your assigned topic.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Clean coal and carbon sequestration
Nuclear waste – how much do we need to worry about it?
Nuclear fuel reprocessing – how does it affect nonproliferation?
Cellulosic ethanol – what are the prospects?
Hybrid and all electric vehicles – prospects and impediments
Fuel cells and hydrogen powered vehicles – are they practical?
Prospects for reducing the costs of photovoltaics
Solid state lighting science and technology
Electricity storage
9/23/09
Assignment for 09/30/09 & 10/05/09
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
The smart electricity grid
Improving energy efficiency in residential buildings
Improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings
Market barriers to improving energy efficiency
Offshore oil and natural gas drilling – what can it provide?
Tar sands and shale oil – what are the drawbacks?
High-speed & maglev rail – to what extent can the U.S. benefit?
How accurate are climate change models?
Carbon cap and trade – how does work and will it succeed?
The impact of carbon pricing on manufacturing and trade
9/23/09
Ideas for Legislative Topics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Energy
Health and Medicine
Climate Change
Defense
Space
Telecommunications
Information Technology
Transportation
9/23/09