Transcript Latin America

Latin America
Unit 3
1
Physical Geography of Latin
America
Chapter 7
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3
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Landforms
• Middle America
– Mexico and Central America
• Central America
– an isthmus, or a narrow piece of land that links North
America and South America
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Landforms
• Middle America
– Lies where four tectonic plates meet
– Deposits of ash and lava make the soil fertile
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Landforms
• Middle America
– Central America
• Thick forests
• rugged mountains
• coastal marshes
– make it difficult to transport goods in that country
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Landforms
• The Caribbean
– The islands of the Caribbean Sea
• A.K.A. = West Indies
– divided into the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and
the Bahamas
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Landforms
• The Caribbean
– The Greater Antilles
• Largest islands
– Cuba
– Hispaniola
– Puerto Rico
– Jamaica
– The Lesser Antilles
• an archipelago
– group of islands, curving from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad
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Landforms
• South America
– The Andes
• world’s longest mountain system
– are a cordillera and stretch along the Pacific coast of
South America for about 5,500 miles (8,851 km)
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Landforms
• South America
– Tropical grasslands
• known as the Llanos
• stretch through eastern Colombia and Venezuela
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Landforms
• South America
– Pampas
• Another well-known plain
• covers much of Argentina and Uruguay
• provides grazing land for beef cattle and fertile soil
for growing grains
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Waterways
• Rivers
– The Amazon
• Latin America’s longest river
• starts in the Andes and flows east about 4,000
miles (6,437 km) to the Atlantic Ocean
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Waterways
• Rivers
– Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay
• form Latin America’s second-largest river system
• These rivers flow into the Rio de la Plata
– a broad estuary, or area where river currents and ocean
tides meet—which meets the Atlantic Ocean
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Waterways
• Other Waterways
– Lake Maracaibo
• Venezuela
• South America’s largest lake
• contains some of Venezuela’s oil fields
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Waterways
• Other Waterways
– Lake Titicaca
• between Bolivia and Peru
• About 12,500 feet above sea level
• the world’s highest lake
• used by large ships.
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Waterways
• Other Waterways
– Panama Canal
• Ships
– use the canal to shorten travel time between the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans
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A Wealth of Natural Resources
• Brazil
– Latin America’s largest country
• rain forests
– provide timber, rubber, palm oil, and Brazil nuts
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A Wealth of Natural Resources
• Energy Resources
– Venezuela
• region’s largest oil and natural gas reserves
• Other Resources
– Silver
• mined in Mexico
– Colombian
• Mines the world’s finest emeralds
– Chile
• world’s largest exporter of copper
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Climate Regions
Section 2
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Tropical Climates
– Tropical wet
• Vast rain forest are found here
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Tropical Climates
– Amazon Basin
• South America
• Home to the world’s largest rain forest
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Tropical Climates
– Canopy
• Trees grow close together
• Tops form a dense canopy
– Umbrella-like covering of leaves
– So dense that sunlight seldom reaches the forest floor
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Tropical Climates
– Caribbean islands
• Developed a tourism industry despite hurricanes
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Temperate Climates
– Humid subtropical climate
• Short and mild winters
• Long, hot, humid summers
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Temperate Climates
– Chile
• Mediterranean Climate
– Farmers grow large amounts of fruit
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Hot to Mild Climates
• Dry Climates
– Atacama Desert
• One of the driest places on the earth
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Hot to Mild Climates
• El Nino
– A set of changes in air pressure, temperature,
and rainfall
• Begins in the Pacific Ocean
• Waters off Peru’s coast are unusually warm
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Elevation and Climate
• Andes
– Four altitude zones of climate
• Tierra Caliente
– Hot land
• Tierra Templada
• Tierra Fria
– Begins at 6,000 feet
• Tierra Helada
– Zone of highest elevation
– Temps as low as 20°F
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History and Cultures of Latin
America
Section 1
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History and Government
Section 1
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Spain
Portugal
France, Britain,
and the
Netherlands
Caudillos
United States
and Spain
Panama
Fidel Castro
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Key facts
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Early History
• Early Native American Civilizations
– Olmec
• Lived in Southern Mexico
• 1500 b.c.-300 b.c.
• Grew corn, controlled minerals, built temples
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Early History
• Early Native American Civilizations
– Maya
• Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula
• 300 a.d.-900 a.d.
• Skills
– Astronomy
– Used their knowledge of stars, moon, and planets to
develop a calendar
– Had a number system based on 20
– Used hieroglyphics to record history
» A form of writing that uses signs and symbols
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Early History
• Early Native American Civilizations
– Aztecs
• 1200 a.d.
• Central Mexico
• Tenochtitlan
– Aztec capital
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Early History
• Early Native American Civilizations
– Inca
• 1400s
• South America (Peru)
• Empire
– Stretched more than 2,500 miles
– Cuzco
» Capital
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Early History
• European Conquests
– 1519
• Spanish Army
– led by Hernán Cortés
– Landed on Mexico’s Gulf coast
– marched to Tenochtitlán, Mexico, and overtook the Aztec
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Early History
• European Conquests
– 1532
– Francisco Pizarro
• attacked the Inca
• killed the ruler
• conquered that empire
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Early History
• Colonial Latin America
– Spain
• built an empire that included:
–
–
–
–
South America
the Caribbean
Middle America
parts of present-day United States
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Early History
• Colonial Latin America
– Portugal
• took control of what is today Brazil
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Early History
• Colonial Latin America
– France, Britain, and the Netherlands
• overtook some Caribbean areas and parts of North
America
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Revolutionaries
Vs.
Results
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Forming New Nations
• Independence
– 1804
• enslaved Africans
– under François-Dominique Toussaint-L’Ouverture
– threw off French rule in Haiti
• Haiti
– became the only nation ever created as a result of a
revolt by enslaved people
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Forming New Nations
• Independence
– Simón Bolívar
• won freedom from the Spanish for the present-day
countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Bolivia
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Forming New Nations
• Independence
– 1817
• José de San Martín
– liberated Chile and Argentina from Spanish rule
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Forming New Nations
• Political and Economic Challenges
– Caudillos
• Ruled as dictators
• Favored the wealthy over the poor
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Forming New Nations
• The United States and Latin America
– 1898
• United States and Spain
– fought a war over Spanish-ruled Cuba
– Spain was defeated, and Cuba became a republic under
U.S. protection
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Forming New Nations
• The United States and Latin America
– 1903
• United States
– helped Panama win its freedom from Colombia
– gained permission to build the Panama Canal
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Forming New Nations
• Modern Times
– 1959
• a young lawyer named Fidel Castro
• carried out a revolution in Cuba and set up a
communist state
– country whose government has strong control over the
economy and society as a whole
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Latin
America’s
challenges
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Forming New Nations
• Modern Times
– Latin America’s challenges
• population is growing
• resources are limited
• Growing trade in illegal drugs has increased crime
and corruption
• tensions still exist between rich and poor because
of differences
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Cultures and Lifestyles
Section 2
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The People
• Population Patterns
– Coasts of South America and areas in Mexico
and Central America
• Where most people live
– Why?
» Favorable climates
» Fertile land
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The People
• Migration
– Movement of people
– included Europeans, Africans, and Asians,
either willingly or by force
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The People
• Growth of Cities
– South America
• about 80 percent of people live in cities
– Central America and the Caribbean
• about 65 percent are urban dwellers
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The People
• Ethnic Groups and Languages
– Latin America’s Native Americans
– live in Mexico; Central America; and the Andes
countries of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
– African Latin Americans
– form a high percentage of the populations in the
Caribbean islands and northeastern Brazil
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The People
• Languages
– Spanish
• most widely spoken language in Latin America
– Portuguese
• Brazilians mostly speak Portuguese
– Quechua
– Creole
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Daily Life
• Religion
– Most Latin Americans are Christian
• Roman Catholics
– The largest Christian group
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Daily Life
• Family
– Generations live together
– Elders cared by their children
– Adult brothers and sisters
• Live near each other and their children (cousins)
form close relationships
– Father
• Family leader
• Decision maker
– Mother is leader of family in other parts of the Caribbean
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Daily Life
• The Arts
– Murals
• Reflect Maya and Aztec traditions
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Latin America Today
Chapter 9
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Mexico
Section 1
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Mexico’s People, Government,
and Culture
• Mexico’s People
– Mestizos
• People with a Spanish and Native American
heritage
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Mexico’s People, Government,
and Culture
• Mexico’s People
– Mexico City
• The largest city in Mexico
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Mexico’s People, Government,
and Culture
• Mexico’s Government
– President
• Can only serve 1 six year term
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Mexico’s Economy and Society
• Using the attached worksheet, list the key
facts about Mexico’s economic regions.
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Mexico’s Economy and Society
• Economic and Social Changes
– Smog
• A thick haze of fog and chemicals
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Mexico’s Economy and Society
• Population and Ethnic Challenges
– Illegal immigration
• U.S.
– Tightened controls along the border
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Central America and the
Caribbean
Section 2
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Countries of Central America
Central America
Made up of seven countries
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Countries of Central America
Costa Rica
Has no army
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Countries of Central America
Panama
Profits from fees, or set charges, that ships
pay to use the canal
An important banking center
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Countries of the Caribbean
Cuba
Command Economy- the communist
government decides how resources are
used and what goods and services are
produced
Many Cubans haven’t prospered under this
system
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Countries of the Caribbean
Puerto Rico
A commonwealth-self governing territory of
the U.S.
Makes more money from tourism than any
other Caribbean island
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South America
Section 3
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Brazil
Known for its Amazon rain forest
Brazilians call the rainforest the selva
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Brazil
People
Largest population in all of Latin America
Portuguese culture
Largest cities- Sao Paulo & Rio de Janeiro
Many Brazilians have moved from rural to
coastal cities to find better jobs
Favelas- overcrowded slum areas
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Brazil
Economy
Productive farms
Valuable mineral resources
Oil
Hydroelectric energy
Industries
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Brazil
The Rain Forest
Amazon- Brazil’s greatest natural resource
Deforestation- a cause of the world’s
climate problem
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Brazil
Government
Portuguese- First and largest European
group to settle Brazil
Democratic federal republic
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Argentina
People
second-largest country after Brazil
85% of people are of European ancestry,
especially Spanish and Italian
Capital-Buenos Aires
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Argentina
Economy
Gauchos- national symbol
Ranches
Beef- chief export
Industrialized
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Argentina
Government
democratic federal republic
powerful president who is elected every four
years
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Other Countries of South America
Venezuela
Capital- Caracas
President- Hugo Chavez
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Other Countries of South America
Columbia
Nearly 80 percent of Colombia’s people live
in the valleys and highland plateaus of the
Andes
Bogotá is the capital and largest city
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Other Countries of South America
Chile
Mining forms the backbone of Chile’s
economy
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