Transcript US History SOL Strand 4

UNITED STATES HISTORY:
1865 TO THE PRESENT
HOPEWELL PUBLIC SCHOOLS
CARTER G. WOODSON MIDDLE SCHOOL
MR. WHEAT – 7TH GRADE
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 New opportunities &
technological advances led
to westward migration
following the Civil War.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 Reasons for Westward
Expansion
1) Opportunities for land
ownership.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 The Homestead Act of
1862 provided that any
adult citizen (or person
intending to become a
citizen) who headed a
family could qualify for a
grant of 160 acres of public
land by paying a small
registration fee & living on
the land continuously for
five years.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
WESTWARD EXPANSION
2) Technological advances,
including the
Transcontinental Railroad,
was a reason for more
Americans moving from
the east to the west.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
3) Possibility of wealth
created by the discovery of
gold & silver was another
reason why people moved
from the east to the west.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 The California Gold Rush
of 1849 was followed by
new discoveries of gold &
silver between 1857 &
1890. Prospectors
swarmed to the mines
where gold & silver.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
4) Adventure was another
reason why people moved
from the east to the west.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 Some people thought that
life in the West was filled
with adventure. Young
men were drawn to the
cowboy life.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
5) A new beginning for
former enslaved African
Americans was another
reason why people moved
from the east to the west.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 Few of the freed slaves
could afford to own land &
most worked as
sharecroppers, work not
very different from what
they did as slaves.
Thousands of black families
took advantage of the
opportunity to become
homesteaders on the
Plains.
IMPACT ON AMERICAN INDIANS
 American Indians opposed
(or were against) other
Americans moving &
expanding westward. The
federal government’s
handling of Native
American or Indian policies
led to war between the
government & Native
Americans.
INTERACTION & CONFLICT BETWEEN
DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUPS
 When many Americans
moved from the east to the
west, they came in contact
with Native American
tribes. In response, the
federal government
established reservations –
or land set aside for Indian
communities.
INTERACTION & CONFLICT BETWEEN
DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUPS
 Some Native Americans
moved voluntarily (or on
their own) to the
reservations, while others
continued to fight for their
land & their way of life.
Such conflict led to warfare
like the Battle of Little Big
Horn.
BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORN
 In 1876, the federal
government decided to
force the Sioux Indian
tribe, led by Crazy Horse
& Sitting Bull, back on the
reservation. General
Custer of the U.S. Army
led his troops against more
than 2,000 Sioux Indians.
BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORN
 General Custer & all of his
men died in that attack,
which came to be known as
“Custer’s Last Stand.” The
Sioux were inspired by
their victory, but within a
few months they were
forced to surrender to the
federal government.
CHIEF JOSEPH
 In 1877, when the federal
government sent troops in
to force the Nez Perce
Indians off their lands in
the Washington territory &
into a reservation.
CHIEF JOSEPH
 In late 1877, just a few
miles from the Canadian
border, U.S. troops
captured Chief Joseph & his
warriors, the old people,
the women, the children, &
sent them off to Indian
territory.
CHIEF JOSEPH
 Chief Joseph led 400,000
of his people (the Nez
Perce Indians) on a long
trek toward the Canadian
border to escape the
troops.
GERONIMO
 Geronimo was a Native
American leader who
fought against Mexico &
the United States & their
expansion into Apache
tribal lands in the Apache
Wars from 1858 to 1886.
Battle of Wounded Knee
 A battle fought in 1890 in
Wounded Knee, South
Dakota that was the last
major encounter between
the Native Americans & the
U.S. Army.
Battle of Wounded Knee
 The U.S. Army opened fire
on the Lakota Sioux Indian
tribe, massacring nearly all
of Lakota Sioux inhabitants.
The battle is remembered
at one of the great
injustices that occurred by
the government against the
Native Americans.
Population Reduction
 As a result of the Native
Americans losing battles to
the U.S. Army, the
population of American
Indians decreased in the
late 1800’s. Disease also
decreased the population of
the Native Americans.
NATIVE AMERICAN CHANGES
 The U.S. government
attempted to get the Native
Americans to assimilate &
change their lifestyle by
getting rid of the buffalo
population.
NATIVE AMERICAN CHANGES
 The Native Americans
relied on hunting buffaloes
as their main source of
food. So the government
tried to kill off all the
buffalo to starve the
American Indians of their
main source of food, the
buffalo, & force them onto
reservations.
NATIVE AMERICAN CHANGES
 The government also
agreed to treaties with
American Indians to settle
land disputes. Many of the
treaties were broken by the
government to get more of
the Native Americans
homeland so more settlers
could move & expand
westward.
IMMIGRATION
 Population changes, growth
of cities, & new inventions
produced interaction &
often conflict between
different cultural groups.
IMMIGRATION
 Population changes, growth
of cities, & new inventions
produced problems in
urban areas.
Inventions had both
positive & negative effects
on society.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
Immigration is when a person
or group of people move
from one country to another.
1) One reason why people
moved from another
country to the United
States is hope for better
opportunities.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
 In the 1840s, the potato
crop failed in Ireland &
Irish farmers had nothing
to eat. By 1860, Irish
immigrants had largely
replaced the New England
mill girls as textile
workers.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
 Other immigrants who
moved from Europe to the
United States left Europe
because there was little
industry & life was hard for
poor peasants.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
2) Another reason why
people moved from other
countries to the United
States is so that those
people could have religious
freedom.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
3) Another reason why
people moved from other
countries to the United
States is so those people
could escape oppressive,
brutal, harsh, mean,
hateful, unfair, & dictatorial
governments.
Reasons for Increased Immigration
4) Another reason why
people moved from one
country to the United
States is for the adventure
of traveling & the
adventure of living in the
United States.
REASONS WHY CITIES DEVELOPED
 1) One reason why cities
developed in the late 19th
century (or late 1800s) was
because of specialized
industries. An example of
such is how the steel
industry became
specialized in the city of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
REASONS WHY CITIES DEVELOPED
 Another example of
specialized industries
developing in big cities was
how the meatpacking
industry became centered
in Chicago, Illinois.
REASONS WHY CITIES DEVELOPED
(2) Immigration from other
countries is another
reason why cities
developed.
REASONS WHY CITIES DEVELOPED
 Industrial expansion
created jobs that attracted
thousands of immigrants to
America. Many
immigrants from Europe
moved to big cities to work
in the steel & meatpacking
industry.
REASONS WHY CITIES DEVELOPED
(3) Another reason why cities
developed is that many
Americans moved from
rural areas (the country) to
urban areas (big cities) for
job opportunities.
INVENTIONS
(1) Thomas Edison invented
the electric light bulb,
lighting, & mechanical uses
of electricity in 1879. This
contributed to great
change & industrial
growth.
INVENTIONS
(2) Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone
service. In 1876, phone
service spread rapidly &
transformed
communications as a result
of Bell’s invention.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Rapid industrialization
(creation of industries like
the steel & meatpacking
industry) & urbanization
(people moving to big
cities) led to overcrowded
immigrant neighborhoods
& tenements.
EFFORTS TO SOLVE IMMIGRATION
PROBLEMS
 (1) Settlement houses, such
as the Hull House in
Chicago, Illinois founded
by Jane Addams, was
designed to help
immigrants. It provided
many services – from
kindergarten classes to
laundry rooms. Other
settlement houses opened
around the nation.
EFFORTS TO SOLVE IMMIGRATION
PROBLEMS
 (2) Political machines that
gained power by attending
to the needs of new
immigrants. Two examples
of those needs is that
immigrants wanted jobs &
better housing.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
IMMIGRANTS
 In 1882, Congress passed
the Chinese Exclusion Act,
the first significant law
restricting immigration
into the United States.
 The Transcontinental
Railroad has the biggest
impact on westward
expansion.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
IMMIGRANTS
 The Irish began to arrive in
large number by the 1840s
after the potato crop failed.
By 1860, Irish immigrants
had largely replaced the
New England mill girls as
textile workers.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
IMMIGRANTS
 Americans tended to look
down on each group of
new immigrants.
Immigrants in turn were
unfriendly toward Blacks.
CHALLENGES FACED BY CITIES
1) Tenements & ghettos were
challenges faced by cities.
Immigrants & factory
workers often lived in
crowded slums in industrial
cities. Life there was
squalid & dangerous. Low
wages meant wives &
children of most factory
workers also had to work
to help the family survive.
CHALLENGES FACED BY CITIES
2) Political corruption &
political machines were
also challenges faced by
cities. City bosses tried to
make money from running
the cities. The bosses, who
were often the local
mayors, controlled the city
“machine.”
CHALLENGES FACED BY CITIES
 Political machines
promised jobs to those that
voted for them. One of
the most corrupt was New
York City’s Boss Tweed.
JIM CROW LAWS
 Discrimination against
African Americans continued
after the Civil War &
Reconstruction.
 “Jim Crow” laws
institutionalized a system of
legal segregation.
 African Americans differed in
their responses to
discrimination & “Jim Crow.”
JIM CROW LAWS
Racial segregation was (1)
based upon race & (2)
directed primarily against
African Americans, but other
groups also were kept
segregated. “Jim Crow” laws
were passed to discriminate
against African Americans.
AMERICAN INDIANS
 American Indians were not
considered citizens until
1914.
“JIM CROW” LAWS
 “Jim Crow” laws made
discrimination practices
legal in many communities
& states. These laws
prevented Blacks from
voting by requiring
payment of poll taxes &
requiring that voters pass a
test about the
Constitution.
“JIM CROW” LAWS
 “Jim Crow” laws were
characterized by unequal
opportunities in housing,
work, education, &
government. These laws
encouraged segregation &
required separate black &
white facilities, such as
schools & railroad cars.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
 Booker T. Washington
believed equality could be
achieved through
vocational education
(education of a specific
trade or skill such as typing
or business courses).
 Washington accepted social
separation of races.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
 Washington founded the
Tuskegee Vocational School
in Alabama in 1881. Some
blacks thought he was too
cautious & faulted him for
his acceptance of
separation.
W.E.B. DUBOIS
 W.E.B. DuBois believed in
full political, civil, & social
rights for African
Americans.
 DuBois would not accept
segregation as Booker T.
Washington had.
W.E.B. DUBOIS
 DuBois founded the
NAACP (National
Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People) which called for
complete political, legal, &
social equality for blacks &
an end to discrimination.
INDUSTRY & BUSINESS
 Between the Civil War &
World War I, the United
States was transformed
from an agricultural
(farming) to an industrial
(based on factories) nation.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
1)
National markets created
by transportation
advances. A single
manufacturer could use
railroads & canals to ship
good to markets all
around the United States.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
 2) Captains of industry, like
John D. Rockefeller, who
was considered the captain
of the oil industry.
Rockefeller owned the
infamous Standard Oil
Company.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
 Andrew Carnegie became
the captain of the steel
industry because he priced
his steel below
competitors.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
 Cornelius Vanderbilt
became the captain of the
shipping & railroad
industries.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
 3) Advertising was critical
to the rise of big business.
In order to increase sales,
manufacturers began to
develop strategies to
advertise their products.
Reasons for rise & prosperity of big
business
 4) Lower-cost production -
Big business could lower
the cost of production with
new technologies like
assembly lines.
Factors resulting in growth of industry
1) Access to raw
materials & energy – By
the late 1800s, railroads
carried raw materials like
coal & iron ore from mines
to steel mills in Pittsburgh.
Factors resulting in growth of industry
2) Availability of work
force – Immigrants from
other countries &
Americans who moved
from rural areas (the
country) to urban areas
(the big cities) allowed big
businesses to hire these
workers.
Factors resulting in growth of industry
 (3) Inventions – the
telephone & lightbulb
enabled better
communication &
productivity among
workers.
Factors resulting in growth of industry
4) Financial resources –
During this prosperous
period, money was
available to fund new
industries.
EXAMPLES OF BIG BUSINESS
 Railroads, oil, & steel were
examples of big business of
the late 19th century (or
late 1800s).
Postwar changes in farm & city life
 (1) Mechanization, for
example – the reaper), had
reduced from labor needs
& increased production.
 The reaper, for example,
could do the work of ten
men. Mechanization
meant fewer men were
needed on the farm.
Postwar changes in farm & city life
 Farm production still
increased, & food was
available to feed the city
workforce.
Postwar changes in farm & city life
 (2) Industrial development
in cities created increased
labor (work) needs. Farm
workers saw better
opportunities in the cities.
Increased demand for labor
(work) in the cities meant
higher wages (pay)
Postwar changes in farm & city life
 (3) Industrialization
provided access to
consumer goods.
 More consumer goods
were produced & they
became increasingly
available in cities.
Postwar changes in farm & city life
 But rural customers were
also able to buy goods from
catalogs & have them
shipped via mail order.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
 The effects of
industrialization led to rise
of organized labor &
important workplace
reforms.
Negative Effects of Industrialization
1) Child labor – Children
often entered the
workforce at age 8 or 9
because parents needed
their children’s wages
(pay).
Negative effects of industrialization
2) Low wages & long
hours – 10-hour workdays
were common & wages
(pay) were barely enough
to live on. Workers had no
health coverage of other
benefits.
Negative effects of industrialization
(3) Unsafe working
conditions – No
regulations on safety.
Frequent accidents
occurred in factories,
especially involving
children who might fall
asleep or be less attentive.
RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR
1) Formation of unions ,
such as the American
Federation of Labor
(AFL) – AFL pushed for
issues like higher wages
(pay), shorter hours, &
better working conditions.
It was strongest in the
skilled trade, not the
factories. Preferred
bargaining over strikes.
RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR
(2) Strikes, such as the
aftermath of the
Homestead Strike – In
the late 1800s, strikes
occurred all the time, often
ending in violence & little
gain for the workers.
HOMESTEAD STRIKE
 In 1892, 13 men were
killed in a battle between
striking steelworkers &
strikebreakers at
Carnegie’s Homestead
steel plant in Pittsburgh.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
WORKPLACE REFORMS
 The Progressive Movement
included different reform
movements that dealt with
problems caused by massive
immigration, urbanization, &
big business.
 Reformers wanted laws to
protect workers & poor
people, to reform
government & to regulate
business.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
WORKPLACE REFORMS
1) Improved safety
conditions – Resulted in
laws passed by states
making employers legally
responsible if their workers
were injured or killed on
the job.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
WORKPLACE REFORMS
2) Reduced work hours –
states gradually began to
reduce work hours,
especially for women &
children.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
WORKPLACE REFORMS
3) Placed restrictions on
child labor – States
started to place restrictions
on child labor, though
some of the state laws were
declared unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
 The women’s suffrage
movement was designed to
give women more rights.
1) Women wanted
increased educational
opportunities – By
1900, one-third of college
students were women.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
2) Attained voting rights
Educated women began
demanding the right to
vote. In big cities, women
campaigned hard for
suffrage (the right to vote),
& gradually more & more
states allowed women to
vote.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
 Women gained the right to
vote with the passage of the
19th Amendment to the
Constitution of the United
States of America. In 1920,
the 19th Amendment was
adopted & made it illegal
for any state or for the
federal government to
deny women the right to
vote.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
 Susan B. Anthony &
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
worked for women’s
suffrage. During the
1800s, Anthony & Stanton
were two of the leaders of
the women’s suffrage
movement, & fought for
women to win the right to
vote.
THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
 Composed of groups
opposed to the making &
consuming of alcohol. The
Temperance Movement
wanted to limit or ban the
use of alcohol. Thought
drinking was a serious
threat to family life.
THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
 Supported the 18th
Amendment prohibiting
the manufacture, sale, &
transport of alcoholic
beverages. The 18th
Amendment banned the
manufacture or sale of
alcohol, adopted in 1919.