Transcript Reconstruction

Reconstruction
Divergent Plans
And the
Southern Experience
Lincoln’s Plan
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1863-65
10% Plan
State can rejoin when 10% of voters from
1860 election:
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Pledge oath of allegiance to US
Pledge to abide by emancipation
Then state govt. formed
Rationale: South never left the Union
Louisiana, Arkansas and Tenn. Reconstructed
Reaction: Radical Reps. shocked, refuse to
recognize govt.’s or reps.
Wade Davis Bill
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1864
50% of voters take oath of allegiance and have
stronger safeguards for emancipation
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Rationale: Radical Reps. feared restoration of
planter aristocracy
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(state const. must ban slavery)
(Disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders)
Reaction: Lincoln “pocket-vetoes” the bill,
Division in Republican Party
Johnson’s Plan
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1865-66
10%
Disenfranchised certain Conf. leaders and wealthy, but
they could petition Johnson for pardons
Special State conventions to
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Repeal secession
Ratify 13th Amendment
Rationale: Accepts Lincoln’s plan, but wants Southern
leaders to ‘beg’
Reaction: Sharp Repub. Criticism, Southern govts
reorganized and passed Black Codes, Congress refuses
to recognize new govts
Congressional Plan
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1866-67
10%
Freedman’s Bureau extended
Civil Rights Bill 1866
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14th Amendment
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Black Citizenship proposed and Black Codes attacked
Black citizenship, equal protection, and due process
Lose representation if blacks denied the vote
Disqualified former Conf. officeholders
S. States must Repudiate Confederate Debts
Rationale: Clash between Reps and Johnson continues,
Ensure Black rights through laws, weaken former Confs
Reaction: Johnson vetoes, Civil Rights Act passed over
his veto, 14th must be ratified to return to union
Congressional
Military Reconstruction
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1867-77
5 military districts est. w/ generals and 20,000 troops
Temp disenfranchised former Confs.
Readmission strict:
 Ratify 14th
 State const. must guarantee male suffrage
15th Amend. Passed (Universal Male Suffrage)
Rationale: create a favorable electorate in the South
to vote in black rights, end federal responsibility
Reaction: Martial regime in South, Loss of Pres.
Power, Rise of KKK and illegal oppression, by 1870 all
states back in Union
The Reconstruction Experience
1. Identify each of the following key terms.
2. Try to find major themes and concepts to link
the various terms
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13th Amendment
Ku Klux Klan
Black Codes
Scalawags
Literacy Tests
Sharecropping
Thaddeus Stevens
15th Amendment
Freedmen’s Bureau
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Radical Republicans
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan
B. Anthony
.
Hiram Revels
14th Amendment
Carpetbaggers
Force Acts
Exodusters
40 Acres
Broken Promises of the
New South
Emancipation Proclamation
“That on the 1st day of January, A.D.
1863, all persons held as slaves within
any State or designated part of a State
the people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States
shall be then, thenceforward, and
forever free.”-
The13th Amendment”
13th Amendment
-Neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party
shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within
the United States, or any
place subject to their
jurisdiction.
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14
Amendment
14th AmendmentAll persons born or naturalized in
the United States, and subject to
the jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the United States . . .
nor shall any state deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws.
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15
Amendment
The right of citizens of the
United States to vote
shall not be denied or
abridged by the United
States or by any state on
account of race, color, or
previous condition of
servitude.
Reconstruction
How free are the freedmen?
What were the goals of reconstruction?
What were the major question and debates
during Reconstruction?
How was the union “reconstructed”?
Exodusters and those that stayed behind…
Plight of the Freedman
"For we colored people did not know
how to be free and the white
people did not know how to have a
free colored person about them."
- Houston Hartsfield Holloway
Greater Freedom?
What are the problems
that the freedmen face?
Jim Crow
Legalized
segregation and
disenfranchisement
Voting Laws
Literacy Test
Poll Tax
Grandfather Clause
Social Oppression
Secret Societies
The Ku Klux Klan
- Fear
- Intimidation
- Physical Violence
- Harassment
- Disrespect,
language.
- Accepted formally
and informally in
law.
Political Success?
The Conservative “Rule”
SUCCESS IN ELECTIONS
 Had a majority of seats only in the
lower house in South Carolina.
 Most of the chief legislative and
executive positions were held by
Northern white Republicans -carpetbaggers (suitcase)
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Success cont. . .Elected
Officials
U.S. Senators Mississippi
- Hiram R. Revels
- Blanche K. Bruce
U.S. Representatives
- Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina
- Jefferson Long of Georgia
Governor of Louisiana
- P.B.S. Pinchbeck
Economic
Freedom?
Share Cropping:
is a system of agriculture where a
landowner allows a sharecropper
to use the land in return for a
share of the crop produced on the
land.
Crop Lien:
farmer would mortgage his crop to
the local store owner as payment
for the supplies and necessities he
would need during the year.
Compromise of 1877
Tilden (D)
Vs.
Hayes (R)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
“Separate but equal”
Upholds Jim Crow laws