Transcript Pathways to the Present

America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 12
Reconstruction
(1865–1877)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 12: Reconstruction (1865–1877)
Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Section 2: Congressional Reconstruction
Section 3: Birth of the “New South”
Section 4: The End of Reconstruction
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
Presidential Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 1
• What condition was the South in following the Civil
War?
• How were Lincoln’s and Johnson’s Reconstruction
plans similar?
• How did the newly freed slaves begin to rebuild their
lives?
Lincoln Hopes for Reconstruction
• Abraham Lincoln
“With malice toward
none, with charity for all;
with firmness in the right,
as God gives us to see
the right, let us strive on
to finish the work we are
in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds...to do all we
may achieve and cherish
a just and lasting peace,
among ourselves, and
with all nations.”
The War’s Aftermath
Chapter 12, Section 1
• Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers.
The South lost 260,000 soldiers.
• Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried
out a program to repair the damage to the South and
restore the southern states to the Union. This program was
known as Reconstruction.
• Black Southerners were starting out their new lives in a
poor region with slow economic activity.
• Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion.
• Poor white Southerners could not find work because of
new job competition from freedmen.
• The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping
industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.
Lincoln Hopes for Reconstruction
• Abraham Lincoln
“With malice toward
none, with charity for all;
with firmness in the right,
as God gives us to see
the right, let us strive on
to finish the work we are
in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds...to do all we
may achieve and cherish
a just and lasting peace,
among ourselves, and
with all nations.”
Lincoln Hopes for Reconstruction
• Abraham Lincoln
“ I would myself prefer that
it [the right to vote] were
now conferred on the very
intelligent [African
Americans] , and those
who serve our cause as
soldiers.”
• Lincoln also supported the
efforts of the Freedmen’s
Bureau to assist the
freedmen and women.
Reconstruction Plans
• Lincoln’s 10% Plan
• This plan offered forgiveness for the rebellion to all southerners
(except high ranking Confederate leaders and those guilty of war
crimes) who pledged loyalty to the Union and support for
emancipation. When 10% of a state’s voters had taken this oath, they
could organize a new state government. That new government was
then required to ban slavery. (This was an evolving plan.)
• Congress’s Wade-Davis Plan
• This plan called for a majority (51%) of a state’s white male citizens
to pledge loyalty to the Union before elections could be held to send
representatives to Congress and a new state government could be
formed. (The state would also have to accept the end of slavery.)
Thaddeus Stevens, a leading Radical Republican wanted to treat
southerners as traitors, but most Republicans did not.
Reaction to Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
Chapter 12, Section 1
• A group called the Radical Republicans felt that the Civil War had
been fought over the moral issue of slavery. The Radicals insisted
that the main goal of Reconstruction should be a restructuring of
society to guarantee black people true equality.
• The Radical Republicans viewed Lincoln’s plan as too lenient.
• Republicans did agree on creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau, the
first social welfare program ever set up by the Federal Government
of the US. Lincoln signed the law creating this agency.
• In July, 1864, Congress passed a stricter Reconstruction plan, the
Wade-Davis Act. Among its provisions, it required ex-Confederate
men to take an oath of past and future loyalty and to swear that they
had never willingly borne arms against the United States. This plan
called for a majority of white southerners to pledge loyalty to Union.
Thaddeus Stevens: Radical Republican
Leader
• “The whole fabric of
southern society must be
changed.”
• “[We] hold it the duty of the
Government to
inflict…punishment on the
rebel belligerents, and so
weaken their hands that
they can never again
endanger the Union…This
can only be done by
treating them as a
conquered people.”
Reaction to Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
Chapter 12, Section 1
• Thaddeus Stevens, leader of the Radical
Republicans, wanted to treat the South like a
conquered nation, destroy the planter class, and
protect the rights of the freed slaves. Although the bill
passed by Congress did not go nearly as far as
Stevens wanted, it was still viewed by Lincoln as too
harsh and counterproductive. Lincoln let the bill die in
a pocket veto.
• Charles Sumner led the Radical Republican in the
Senate.
Who was the new
President?
•Lincoln’s murder thrust Andrew Johnson, a
southerner into the presidency. He had been the
only southern member of Congress to repudiate
secession and remain in the Congress. He
blamed the war on wealthy planters. “Treason is
a crime, and crime must be punished.”
•Johnson wanted white men of modest means to
dominate a New South. He had little sympathy
for African Americans.
•Despite his wishes Johnson had to choose
between the planters ruling or a coalition of
former slaves & whites, who did he choose?
• Andrew Johnson
Johnson does NOT want a biracial society
• “This is a white
man’s government,
and I mean to keep
it that way…White
men alone must
manage the South.”
• President Andrew
Johnson
Early Reconstruction Plans (1864-65)
• Andrew Johnson’s Plan
•
This plan restored the rights of white southerners who
took an oath of loyalty to the USA. Unlike the other
plans it did NOT set a percentage of loyal voters that
was needed to form a state government. It only
required that pledge-takers call a special convention to
repeal secession, amend the state constitution to
abolish slavery and refuse to pay the debts of the
Confederate government.
• Johnson’s plan left the fate of the freedmen and
women in the hands of southern state governments.
•
•
•
•
Reconstruction Plans
Chapter 12, Section 1
Lincoln’s
plan
•
•
•
Denied pardons to
officers and
anyone who had
killed African
American war
prisoners.
Permitted each
state to create a
new constitution
after 10 percent of
voters took an oath
of allegiance.
He wanted to give
African American
soldiers and
educated blacks
voting rights.
• Each state could create a
new constitution without
Lincoln’s 10 percent
allegiance requirement.
• Offered
pardons to
Southerners
who swore
allegiance to
the Union.
• Ratify the 13th
Amendment
• States could
then hold
elections and
rejoin the
Union.
• Although it officially
denied pardons to all
Confederate leaders,
Johnson often issued
pardons to those who
asked him personally.
• He had no provisions for
the protection of African
Americans. (Johnson was
a white supremacist.)
Johnson’s
plan
Identify who most likely would agree with the following statements. Place
the correct letter in the space provided. (Two of the following list of
statements have two answers.)
•
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Andrew Johnson
C. Thaddeus Stevens (Radical Republican)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
_____ 1. “This is a white man’s government, and I mean to keep it that way…White men alone must
manage the South.”
_____ 2. “With malice toward none, with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us
to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds...to do
all we may achieve and achieve a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”
_____ 3. “The whole fabric of southern society must be changed.”
_____ 4. African Americans must be given equal rights and the right to vote.
______5. Slavery must be ended, but African Americans must remain subordinate to whites.
_____ 6. The federal government is right to set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide help to
southern blacks and whites uprooted by years of fighting.
_____ 7. Land must be confiscated from disloyal planters and given to the former slaves.
Land=freedom; independence; autonomy
•
We has a right to land where we are located. For
why? I tell you. Our wives, our children, our
husbands, have been sold over and over again to
purchase the lands we now locate upon; for that
reason we have a divine right to the land…And then
didn’t we clear the land and raise crops of corn,
cotton, of tobacco, of rice, of sugar, of everything?
And then didn’t…large cities in the North grow up on
the cotton and the sugars and the rice that we
made!...I say they have grown rich, and my people are
poor.
• Bailey Wyat, an ex-slave protesting eviction of blacks from
confiscated plantations in Virginia, 1865
The Taste of Freedom: What did the
freedmen and women want?
Chapter 12, Section 1
•
•
•
•
•
Freedom of movement: Enslaved people often walked away from
plantations upon hearing that the Union army was near.
Freedom from fear and exploitation: The former slaves did not want to
have whites control their lives and have the power to harm them.
Freedom to own land: Proposals to give white-owned land to freed people
got little support from the government. Unofficial land redistribution did
take place, however.
Freedom to worship: African Americans formed their own churches and
started mutual aid societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and trade
associations.
Freedom to learn: Between 1865 and 1870, black educators founded 30
African American colleges.
• Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help black
Southerners adjust to freedom. This was the first major relief
agency in United States history.
What did the freedmen and women want?
(Land=Freedom & independence)
• African Americans wanted
land and the autonomy
that came with it.
• Land = freedom
What did the freedmen and women want?
Education=freedom & independence
The Thirst for knowledge: Freedmen’s Bureau
School
Want did the freedmen want?
Voting and Holding Political Office=Freedom
and Power!
What Freedom Meant…
•
Questioning Freedom: What were the understandings of freedom
held by the freed men after the war, and how did the freed men go
about remaking their lives during Reconstruction?
•
African-Americans brought out of slavery complex ideas about
freedom. Slaves thought about freedom a great deal. They didn't come
out ignorant of freedom or without any ideas about freedom. It's
probably like prisoners think about freedom a great deal also. People
who don't have it value it the most. To African-Americans, freedom
meant, of course first of all, simply not being subjected to the
punishments, inequalities, and restrictions of slavery. They could get
education now, they could move about without a pass, they could wear
whatever clothing they wanted, which was restricted in many places,
they could carry a gun, they could own dogs—things like that.
Freedom
• But more than that, freedom for them meant empowerment,
it meant enjoying the rights that whites did in a democratic
society: the right to vote, the right to go before a court and
be treated equally.
•
And it also meant increasing economic
independence, the right to land; freedmen felt
that ownership of land, or "forty acres and a
mule," in the phrase of the day, was essential to
guaranteeing their substantive freedom in the
aftermath of slavery.
• Land = economic independence = freedom
Presidential Reconstruction—Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
What was the main difference between the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln
and Johnson?
(A) Johnson’s plan denied pardons to Confederate military and
government officials.
(B) Lincoln’s plan denied voting rights to African Americans.
(C) Johnson’s plan allowed southern states to hold conventions without
the 10 percent allegiance clause.
(D) Lincoln’s plan offered land to freed African Americans.
What was the first major federally funded relief agency in the United States?
(A) The Red Cross
(B) The Freedmen’s Bureau
(C) The United Hospital System
(D) The Agency for Public Schooling
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Presidential Reconstruction—Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
What was the main difference between the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln
and Johnson?
(A) Johnson’s plan denied pardons to Confederate military and
government officials.
(B) Lincoln’s plan denied voting rights to African Americans.
(C) Johnson’s plan allowed southern states to hold conventions without
the 10 percent allegiance clause.
(D) Lincoln’s plan offered land to freed African Americans.
What was the first major federally funded relief agency in the United States?
(A) The Red Cross
(B) The Freedmen’s Bureau
(C) The United Hospital System
(D) The Agency for Public Schooling
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Congressional Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 2
• How were black codes and the Fourteenth
Amendment related?
• How did Congress’s Reconstruction plan differ from
Johnson’s plan?
• What was the significance of the Fifteenth
Amendment?
• Who supported the Republican governments of the
South?
Black Codes
Chapter 12, Section 2
•
As southern states were restored to the Union under Johnson’s
lenient plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted
freedmen’s rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with
provisions such as these:
– Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset.
– Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not
working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.
– Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for
a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost
all the wages they had earned.
– Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in
rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.
Southern Intransigence
Chapter 12, Section 2
– Several southern cities were also the scene of horrific racial
violence against blacks. New reorganized southern state
governments also elected new members of Congress, most
of whom were former Confederate officials. Among these
new members of Congress was the former Vice President of
the Confederacy. As northerners learned of these outrages,
anger toward the South grew. Meanwhile, President
Johnson did nothing.
When Congress returned in December 1865, a majority
voted to exclude southern representatives from taking their
seats.
Congress decided to pass legislation to help the freedmen.
All Republicans, moderate and radical agreed.
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil
Rights Act
Chapter 12, Section 2
The Civil Rights Act
• Republicans in Congress blamed
President Johnson for the southern
Democrats’ return to Congress.
• To put an end to Johnson’s
Reconstruction, the Congress tried
to bypass the President by making
amendments to the Constitution.
• In early 1866 Congress passed the
Civil Rights Act which outlawed the
black codes.
• Johnson vetoed the measure, but
Congress overrode the President’s
veto. Johnson’s veto of a bill
renewing the Freedmen’s Bureau
was also overridden.
The Fourteenth Amendment
• Congress decided to build equal
rights into the Constitution.
• In June 1866, Congress passed the
Fourteenth Amendment, which
states:
– “All persons born or
naturalized in the United
States…are citizens of the
United States and of the state
wherein they reside. No State
shall make or enforce any law
which shall abridge the
privileges… of citizens of the
United States… nor shall any
State deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property without due
process of the law …”
Radical Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 2
• The congressional Republicans who drafted the
Fourteenth Amendment consisted of two major groups.
One group was the Radical Republicans. Radicals were
small in number but increasingly influential. Most
Republicans, however, saw themselves as moderates. In
politics, a moderate is someone who supports the
mainstream views of the party, not the more extreme
positions.
• Moderates and Radicals both opposed Johnson’s
Reconstruction policies, opposed the spread of the black
codes, and favored the expansion of the Republican Party
in the South.
Radical Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 2
Moderates were not in favor of the Radicals’ goal of
granting African Americans their civil rights, or many
of the personal liberties guaranteed by law, such as
voting rights and equal treatment. However,
Johnson’s words and deeds pushed most of the
moderates onto the side of the Radicals.
• President Johnson continued to oppose equal rights
for African Americans. Northern voters responded by
sweeping Radical Republicans into Congress in
1866.
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867: Congress
Takes Charge
Chapter 12, Section 2
Calling for “reform not revenge,” Radicals in Congress passed the
Reconstruction Acts of 1867. These were its key provisions:
1. Southern states would be under military rule by northern
generals.
2. Southern states would have to create new state constitutions.
3. States would be required to give the vote to all qualified male
voters (including African Americans).
4. Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily barred from
voting.
5. Southern states were required to guarantee equal rights to all
citizens.
6. All states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
Congressional Reconstruction
• Once Congress took control of
Reconstruction and placed the U.S.
Army in control of the Southern
States great changes began. But,
from almost the beginning of the
revolution in the south, a counterrevolution began as well.
President Johnson Impeached!
Chapter 12, Section 2
Even though Congress had a veto-proof majority, the
President still had the ability to hinder Reconstruction in
the South. As commander-in-chief, Johnson appointed
the generals who commanded the troops stationed in the
South. The Republican dominated Congress passed a
law to “trap” Johnson. According to the Tenure of Office
Act, the President could not remove certain officeholders,
including cabinet members without the consent of the
Senate. When Johnson fired Secretary of War Stanton,
an ally of the Radical Republicans, the House impeached
him.
President Johnson Impeached!
Chapter 12, Section 2
In 1868, President Johnson was impeached–charged
with wrongdoing in the office–-by the Radical
Republicans in the House of Representatives.
• The Senate tried President Johnson for “high crimes
and misdemeanors,” but Johnson escaped removal
from office by one vote.
• Johnson served the remaining months of his term
with no mandate and no real power. In the following
election, he was defeated by Ulysses S. Grant.
The Failure of Land Reform
• In January 1865, General Sherman issued Special Field Order
15 a few days after meeting with a delegation of Savannah,
Georgia’s black community. “This set aside the Sea islands and
a large area along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for
the settlement of black families on 40 acre plots of land. He also
offered them old mules that the army could no longer use. In
Sherman’s order lay the origins of the phrase, “forty acres and a
mule.” By June, some 40,000 freed slaves had been settled on
“Sherman’s land.”
The Failure of Land Reform
In Congress Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens proposed a
land reform bill which included confiscation of most of the land
of disloyal planters. Stevens feared that without significant
land reform the South would never be a true republic, but
would remain an oligarchy. Landless former slaves and
whites would be forced to work the planters’ land on the
planters’ terms.
The confiscated land would be distributed in 40 acre plots
among the freedmen and landless southern whites. The
remaining land would be held by the federal government.
Proceeds from land sales would be used for Union veterans’
pensions and paying off the war debt. The bill never made it out
of committee and was considered too radical. Even most
Radicals drew the line at property seizure and land
redistribution.
The Failure of Land Reform
• In the summer of 1865, President Johnson ordered nearly all
land in federal hands (including “Sherman’s land”)returned to its
former owners. Confrontations followed…forcible evictions…and
sense of betrayals…(GML, pgs.529-530)
•
The Southern Homestead Act of 1867 aimed to make public lands in
the South available to both blacks and whites. But most poor people
lacked even the small amount of money needed to buy land. Most free
African Americans became tenant farmers or sharecroppers. Under the
sharecropping system, the owner provided land, seed, and supplies.
The sharecropper worked the land and paid the owner with a share of
the crops he grew. Unfortunately, this system kept power and capital in
the hands of the owners, and virtually enslaved the sharecropper, who
somehow never got ahead financially.
The Failure of Land Reform
Even after Congress took control of Reconstruction policy away
in 1867, it did not provide land for the freedmen.
“Because no land redistribution took place, the vast majority of
rural freed people remained poor and without property during
(and after) Reconstruction. They had no alternative but to work
on white-owned plantations, often for their former owners.”
Eventually a system of sharecropping and tenant farming
became the dominant economic arrangement for most freedmen
(and also whites, too).
The Fifteenth Amendment
Chapter 12, Section 2
• In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth
Amendment, granting African American males the
right to vote.
• In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose
delegates to draft new state constitutions. One
quarter of the delegates elected were black.
• The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights,
allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up
a system of public schools and orphanages.
The Fifteenth Amendment
Chapter 12, Section 2
• In 1870, southern black men voted in
legislative elections for the first time. More
than 700 African Americans were elected to
state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black
governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi
became the first African American elected to
the Senate.
The Republican South
Chapter 12, Section 2
•
During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of
people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the
postwar South. This block of voters included freedmen and two other
groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags.
– Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became
known as carpetbaggers. Southerners gave them this insulting
nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from
carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men
seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.
– White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called
scalawags. This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny
cattle.” Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed
secession. Some were small farmers who resented the planter
class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.
Who were the carpetbaggers?
• Northern Republicans who
moved to the postwar South
became known as
carpetbaggers. Southerners
gave them this insulting
nickname, which referred to
a type of cheap suitcase
made from carpet scraps.
Carpetbaggers were often
depicted as greedy men
seeking to grab power or
make a fast buck.
Who were the scalawags?
• White southern Republicans
were seen as traitors and
called scalawags. This was
originally a Scottish word
meaning “scrawny cattle.”
Some scalawags were
former Whigs who had
opposed secession. Some
were small farmers who
resented the planter class.
Many scalawags, but not all,
were poor.
Republican Rule Brings Southern White
Backlash
• Is this pro or
negative toward
Republican
Reconstruction?
Congressional Reconstruction–Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
What did the Fourteenth Amendment Guarantee?
(A) Voting rights for African Americans
(B) The rights of white planters to keep their land
(C) Civil rights for all citizens of the United States
(D) Congress’s right to amend the Constitution
Which one of these was a provision of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
(A) Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily barred from voting.
(B) Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas.
(C) Southern land was redistributed to freedmen.
(D) African Americans were given money for education.
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Congressional Reconstruction–Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
What did the Fourteenth Amendment Guarantee?
(A) Voting rights for African Americans
(B) The rights of white planters to keep their land
(C) Civil rights for all citizens of the United States
(D) Congress’s right to amend the Constitution
Which one of these was a provision of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
(A) Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily barred from voting.
(B) Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas.
(C) Southern land was redistributed to freedmen.
(D) African Americans were given money for education.
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Birth of the “New South”
Chapter 12, Section 3
• How did farming in the South change after the Civil
War?
• How did the growth of cities and industry begin to
change the South’s economy after the war?
• How was the money designated for Reconstruction
projects used?
Sharecropping and the Cycle of Debt
Chapter 12, Section 3
1. Poor whites and
freedmen have no
jobs, no homes, and
no money to buy land.
5. Sharecropper
cannot leave the
farm as long as he
is in debt to the
landlord.
4. At harvest time, the
sharecropper owes
more to the landlord
than his share of the
crop is worth.
2. Poor whites and
freedmen sign contracts
to work a landlord’s
acreage in exchange for
a part of the crop.
3. Landlord keeps track of
the money that
sharecroppers owe him
for housing and food.
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Chapter 12, Section 3
Sharecropping
• A family farmed a portion of a
planter’s land.
• As payment, the family was
promised a share of the crop at
harvest time.
• After the harvest, some planters
evicted the sharecroppers without
pay or charged the sharecroppers
for housing and other expenses,
so that the sharecroppers were in
debt at the end of the year.
• Many sharecropping families were
in debt to the planters and
trapped on the plantation.
Tenant Farming
• Tenant farmers did not own the
land they farmed.
• The tenant farmer paid to rent the
land and chose which crops to
plant and how much to work.
• Tenant farming created a class of
wealthy merchants who sold
supplies on credit.
• Sharecropping and tenant farming
encouraged planters to grow cash
crops, such as cotton, tobacco,
and sugar cane. The South had to
import much of its food.
Economic Dependency
• Sharecropping trapped African Americans in a cycle
of debt and poverty. They were dependent on the
good graces of the white landowner.
• African American Sharecroppers who tried to vote
might find themselves asked to leave the land and pay
off all of their debts. Since sharecroppers had no
other way to provide for themselves and their family,
they dared not upset their landlords.
• Most southern African Americans stopped voting, not
because of violence or fear of the Klan; they did so
because they feared losing their livelihood or inability
to pay a poll tax.
Cities and Industry
Chapter 12, Section 3
• Southern leaders saw the industrialized northern
economy and realized a unique opportunity to build
an industrialized economy in the South.
• Atlanta, the city that had been burned to the ground
by Sherman’s army, began to rebuild and was
becoming a major metropolis of the South.
• One problem with the industrialization of the South
was that most southern factories handled the earlier,
less profitable stages of manufacturing. The items
were shipped north to be made into finished products
and sold.
Funding Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 3
• Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property
and services that a society uses, was one giant business
opportunity.
• Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had
to be rebuilt.
• Funds were also needed to expand services to southern
citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern states
created public school systems by 1872.
• Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for
Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures
added another $130 million to southern debt.
• Much of this big spending was lost to corruption. The
corruption became so widespread that it even reached the
White House.
Birth of the “New South”–Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
How was sharecropping different from tenant farming?
(A) Tenant farmers were promised a share of the crop at harvest time.
(B) Tenant farmers could not leave the plantation if they owed money
to the planter.
(C) Tenant farmers could choose which crops to plant.
(D) Planters usually provided housing for the tenant farmers.
Why was industrialization more successful in the North than in the South?
(A) Southerners did not put emphasis on rebuilding their infrastructure.
(B) Southern industrial growth came from cotton mills.
(C) Southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of
manufacturing.
(D) Southern states spent too much money on building public schools.
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Birth of the “New South”–Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
How was sharecropping different from tenant farming?
(A) Tenant farmers were promised a share of the crop at harvest time.
(B) Tenant farmers could not leave the plantation if they owed money
to the planter.
(C) Tenant farmers could choose which crops to plant.
(D) Planters usually provided housing for the tenant farmers.
Why was industrialization more successful in the North than in the South?
(A) Southerners did not put emphasis on rebuilding their infrastructure.
(B) Southern industrial growth came from cotton mills.
(C) Southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of
manufacturing.
(D) Southern states spent too much money on building public schools.
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The End of Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 4
• What tactics did the Ku Klux Klan use to spread terror
throughout the South?
• Why did Reconstruction end?
• What were the major successes and failures of
Reconstruction?
Spreading Terror
Chapter 12, Section 4
The Ku Klux Klan
• The Klan sought to eliminate
the Republican Party in the
South by intimidating voters.
• They wanted to keep African
Americans as submissive
laborers.
• They planted burning crosses
on the lawns of their victims
and tortured, kidnapped, or
murdered them.
• Prosperous African
Americans, carpetbaggers,
and scalawags became their
victims.
The Federal Response
• In 1870 and 1871, Congress
passed a series of anti-Klan
laws.
• The Enforcement Act of 1870
banned the use of terror,
force, or bribery to prevent
people from voting.
• Other laws banned the KKK
and used the military to
protect voters and voting
places.
• As federal troops withdrew
from the South, black
suffrage all but ended.
An End to African American Suffrage
Chapter 12, Section 4
1860s
Reconstruction
begins.
1900s-1940s Jim Crow
laws prevent African
Americans from voting
1870s
Reconstruction
ends.
1950s-1960s
Civil Rights
movement begins.
Reconstruction Ends: Why did
Reconstruction end?
Chapter 12, Section 4
•
There were five main factors that contributed to the end of
Reconstruction.
– Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures and Grant’s administration
came to symbolize corruption, greed, and poor government. Even
sympathetic whites became disillusioned with all of the wasted or
stolen money.
– The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent
heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt. In addition, a
depression hit the country in 1873. This lasted nearly five years.
Northerners were much more worried about their own economic
well-being than that of southern African-Americans.
– Taxes levied to pay for programs angered landowners and
increased resentment (backlash)
– Depression that struck country in 1873 became much bigger
concern for white northerners than Reconstruction in the South
Reconstruction Ends
Chapter 12, Section 4
– Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white
Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting.
The Ku Klux Klan often was an arm of the Democratic Party in the South.
Their tactics allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state
governments.
– The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates
combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic
voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies.
The Compromise of 1877 finalized this.
– The Failure of Land Reform: Without land of their own, the vast majority
of freedmen remained dependent on white landowners either as
sharecroppers or tenant farmers. This dependency prevented them from
truly exercising their political rights, even if they could given the other
barriers.
– Other reasons included: Supreme Court decisions and the death of
Radical Republican leaders.
Successes and Failures of Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 4
Successes
Failures
Union is restored.
Many white southerners remain bitter
toward the federal government and the
Republican Party.
The South’s economy grows and new
wealth is created in the North.
The South is slow to industrialize.
Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments
guarantee African Americans the rights
of citizenship, equal protection under the
law, and suffrage.
After federal troops are withdrawn,
southern state governments and terrorist
organizations effectively deny African
Americans the right to vote.
Freedmen’s Bureau and other
organizations help many black families
obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.
Many black and white southerners
remain caught in a cycle of poverty.
Southern states adopt a system of
mandatory education.
Racist attitudes toward African
Americans continue, in both the South
and the North.
The Compromise of 1877
Chapter 12, Section 4
•
•
•
•
The presidential election of 1876 was disputed. Rutherford B.
Hayes lost the popular vote, but the electoral vote was contested.
Democrats submitted a set of tallies showing Samuel Tilden, who
had the support of the Solid South, as the winner.
Finally, the two parties made a deal. In what became known as the
Compromise of 1877, the Democrats agreed to give Hayes the
victory. In return, the new President agreed to support
appropriations for rebuilding the levees along the Mississippi River
and to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states.
The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain control of
southern politics and marked the end of Reconstruction. The
Republicans, and the nation as a whole, turned its attention away
from the South.
The End of Reconstruction—Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 4
What were the four factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction?
(A) Corruption, the economy, violence, and the return of the Democrats to
power
(B) Sharecropping, industrialization, violence and the Fourteenth Amendment
(C) Tenant farming, corruption, violence and the Democratic return to power
(D) Increased military presence in the South, sharecropping, the economy,
and violence
What did the Enforcement Act of 1870 do?
(A) Enforce universal voting in the South
(B) Force planters to pay sharecroppers a living wage
(C) End corruption in Reconstruction
(D) Ban the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting
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The End of Reconstruction—Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 4
What were the four factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction?
(A) Corruption, the economy, violence, and the return of the Democrats to
power
(B) Sharecropping, industrialization, violence and the Fourteenth Amendment
(C) Tenant farming, corruption, violence and the Democratic return to power
(D) Increased military presence in the South, sharecropping, the economy,
and violence
What did the Enforcement Act of 1870 do?
(A) Enforce universal voting in the South
(B) Force planters to pay sharecroppers a living wage
(C) End corruption in Reconstruction
(D) Ban the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting
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