Transcript Section 1

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Global
Developments
Section 2: The United
Nations
Section 3: Human Rights
Visual Summary
As global economic
interdependence grows, the
different parts of the world
are growing closer together.
What happens in other
countries affects the United
States in many ways, while
what Americans believe and
do has a greater impact
around the world than ever
before.
Section 1:
Global Developments
The exchange of goods and
services helps create
economic interdependence
among people in different
places and different
countries. We live today in
an era of global economic
interdependence, in which
countries depend on one
another for goods, services,
and natural resources.
Section 2:
The United Nations
Political and economic
institutions evolve to help
individuals and groups
accomplish their goals. The
United Nations was formed to
promote common aims of the
world’s countries and has
won some successes, but
has suffered some failures as
well.
Section 3:
Human Rights
Economic, social, and
political changes create
new traditions, values, and
beliefs. In spite of important
advances around the world
for human rights and
democracy, many people still
do not live in freedom.
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
The exchange of goods and services
helps create economic
interdependence among people in
different places and different
countries.
Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• protectionism
• conservation
• acid rain
• refugee
Academic Vocabulary
• cooperate
• access
Do you think it is important for the
United States to rely on other
countries for goods and services?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Global Interdependence
We live today in an era of global
economic interdependence, in which
countries depend on one another for
goods, services, and natural resources.
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• Global economic interdependence means
that all countries depend on other
countries for some products, services, or
raw materials.
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• Global trade can be both good and bad.
– Businesses can make more money
– Competition may create a better
selection of lower-priced products
– Competition may also force some
businesses to close
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• Protectionism harms global economy
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• U.S. imports:
– Over two-thirds of oil used comes from
other countries
– Must maintain good relations with oilproducing nations
– Also imports raw materials used in
manufacturing
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• U.S. exports include:
– Computers
– Telecommunications equipment
– Farm machinery
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• Small, poor countries look to U.S. for food,
medicine, and weaponry
Global Interdependence (cont.)
• Free trade policies
– Eliminate tariffs and economic barriers
– The European Union (EU)
– The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
Do you agree that free trade agreements
are important for the success of global
trade?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Global Issues
The world community faces many
serious global problems.
Global Issues (cont.)
• One of the most serious global issues is
inequality among nations.
Hourly Compensation Costs,
Selected Nations
Global Issues (cont.)
• Developed countries are rich and
industrialized
– Abundant natural resources
– Large industries
– Educated, healthy citizens
– Produce many manufactured goods
– Most in Northern Hemisphere
Global Issues (cont.)
• Developing countries are poor countries
trying to develop
– Some have few natural resources
– Cannot produce enough food
– Most have few exports
Projected Water Use, 2025
Global Issues (cont.)
– High unemployment, disease, poverty
– Average life expectancy under 40 years
– Most in Southern Hemisphere
• Developed and developing countries are
interdependent
Global Issues (cont.)
• Environmental destruction
– Poisonous metals pumped into air and
water
– Acid rain from sulfur dioxide
– Oil spills
Global Issues (cont.)
• Conservation limits pollution
• Debate over conservation
– Slows economic growth versus longterm benefits
– Poor countries think conservation rules
favor developed nations
Global Issues (cont.)
• Other global issues
– International drug trafficking
– Natural catastrophes
– Immigration
– Refugees
Do you agree that poor nations should not
be required to follow antipollution
regulations so that they may develop their
own industries?
A. Agree
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. Disagree
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political and economic institutions
evolve to help individuals and groups
accomplish their goals.
Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• internationalism
• globalization
• charter
• multinational
Academic Vocabulary
• maintain
• promote
• mutual
Do you agree that the goals of the
United Nations are important to the
entire world?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Purpose of the UN
The United Nations was formed to
promote the common aims of the
world’s countries.
Purpose of the UN (cont.)
• The United Nations promotes
internationalism.
Purpose of the UN (cont.)
• United Nations
– Charter drafted in 1944 by United
States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union
– 50 countries signed in 1945
– Mission to maintain peace, develop
friendly relations, promote justice, find
solutions to global problems
Purpose of the UN (cont.)
• United Nations Today
– 191 members
– Main headquarters in New York City
Do you think the UN would be a
weaker organization if the United
States was not an active participant?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
UN Activities
The United Nations had some success
in solving world problems, but lack of
cooperation has hampered its efforts.
UN Activities (cont.)
• The UN has been successful in solving
some world problems, but lack of
cooperation of some members has hurt
the organization’s efforts.
Organization of the United Nations
UN Activities (cont.)
• Successes of UN
– Meeting place for discussion
– Settled wars between nations
– Special agencies fight sickness, poverty,
ignorance
UN Activities (cont.)
• Lack of cooperation has made the UN less
effective in preventing wars.
UN Activities (cont.)
• New, larger role in peacekeeping
– Sustain cease fires
– Oversee elections
– Humanitarian aid
UN Activities (cont.)
• UN works to keep globalization a positive
force
UN Activities (cont.)
• 1992 Earth Summit
– Major conference on environment
– 178 nations pledged to protect
environment
UN Activities (cont.)
• 1997 Earth Summit II
– Some progress made
– Much still needs to be done
UN Activities (cont.)
• 2006 UN response to economic inequality
– World divided into rich and poor nations
– Multinationals asked to help economic,
social, and environmental development
What may be considered the biggest success of
the United Nations?
A. Serving as a meeting place
where nations can discuss
problems
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Placing trade sanctions on
countries not keeping peace
B
C. Forming special agencies to
fight sickness, poverty, and
ignorance
A.
B.
C.
0%
0%
D.
A
B. Settling wars between nations
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Economic, social, and political
changes create new traditions,
values, and beliefs.
Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• human rights
• sanction
• tribunal
• satellite
• genocide
• Cold War
• apartheid
Academic Vocabulary
• commission
• adequate
• policy
Do all citizens of the United States
enjoy the same basic human rights?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Standards for Human Rights
Although basic human rights have
spread to more countries, they are still
not respected in many parts of the
world.
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• Not all countries offer their citizens basic
human rights.
• Human rights include rights to food,
shelter, safety, and so on
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• In democracies, people have additional
rights
– Freedom of worship
– Freedom of speech
– Freedom to read and write
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• Several countries accused of human rights
violations
– China
– Indonesia
– Myanmar (Burma)
– Iran
– Cuba
– Sudan
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• Commissions have investigated abuses of
past governments in South Africa, Haiti,
and El Salvador
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• 1948 United Nations adopted Universal
Declaration of Human Rights
– Statement demonstrating not the way
things are but how they should be
• Humans born equal in dignity and rights
• Humans deserve civil and political rights
• Humans should have economic, social, and
cultural rights
Standards for Human Rights (cont.)
• UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
oversees human rights programs
• Security Council establishes international
tribunals
– Tries cases for acts such as genocide
Should the UN establish more national
commissions to investigate countries
that may be guilty of abusing human
rights?
A. Yes
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. No
Spread of Democracy and Liberty
Democracy has spread to more
countries over the last 50 years, aided
by support from democratic nations
and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• The past century has seen a steady
increase in democracy throughout the
world.
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• Growth of Democracy
– Beginning of twentieth century: about
12% of world’s population lived in
democracy
– 1950: some 31% of world’s population
lived in democracy
– 2001: almost 60% of world’s population
lived in democracy
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• Freedom in the World—annual evaluation
of rights of over 190 countries
– 2005—89 countries with free,
democratic governments
• 54 partly free countries
• 49 countries not free – often terrible human
rights violations
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• South Africa ended apartheid in 1990s
– Protests and economic sanctions
helped
– Nelson Mandela first black president in
1994
Population Living Under
Various Types of Government
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• Fundamentalist Taliban controlled 80% of
Afghanistan by 1996
– U.S. helped topple Taliban
– UN working to protect human rights there
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• Global advancement of democracy a main
objective of U.S.
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• The Cold War
– Soviet Union dominated Eastern Europe
– Forced countries to become satellites
– Two camps: democratic nations and
Communist nations
– Cold War involved clash of ideas and
arms
– Soviet domination ends in 1991
Spread of Democracy and Liberty (cont.)
• War against terror a reaction to September
11, 2001 attacks
Do you agree that the United States
should continue to promote the
global advancement of democracy?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
protectionism
policy of trade restrictions to protect
domestic industries
acid rain
rain containing high amounts of
chemical pollutants
conservation
the careful preservation and
protection of natural resources
refugee
person who has willingly left his or her
home to escape war, famine, or other
disaster
cooperate
to help
access
as way or means of approach
internationalism
involvement in world affairs
charter
a written document granting land and
the authority to set up colonial
governments; or a government
document granting permission to
organize a corporation
globalization
individuals and nations working
across barriers of distance, culture,
and technology
multinational
firm that does business or has offices
in many countries
maintain
to keep up
promote
to encourage the acceptance or
recognition of
mutual
shared feelings
human rights
fundamental freedoms of individuals
tribunal
courts established by the UN to hear
cases of violations of international
human rights laws
genocide
mass murder of a people because of
their race, religion, ethnicity, politics,
or culture
apartheid
system of laws that separated racial
and ethnic groups and limited the
rights of blacks in South Africa
sanction
measure such as withholding
economic aid used to influence a
foreign government’s actions
satellite
nation politically and economically
dominated or controlled by another,
more powerful country
Cold War
conflict between the United States
and the Soviet Union dating from the
later 1940s to the late 1980s, when
the two countries competed for world
influence without declared military
action
commission
a special committee
adequate
acceptable
policy
a guiding course of action
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