Transcript I. The War at Sea © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes

Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 11 : The Expanding Nation
1800-1815
11.1 Jefferson as President
Objectives:
• Analyze the views Thomas Jefferson
expressed about political parties in his
first inaugural address.
• Identify the Republican policies
Jefferson introduced and the Federalist
policies that he accepted.
• Evaluate the importance of Marbury v.
Madison as an important court case.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2
I. The Republican Victory
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A. Jefferson’s Inauguration
1. Large crowds attended the
inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
in March 1801.
2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had
defeated, refused to attend.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4
Source: http://museum.nist.gov/images/exhibits/24.jpg
Source: http://www.historyplace.com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/oct-j-adams.htm
A. Jefferson’s Inauguration
3. Republicans had won control of
the White House and both houses
of Congress.
4. Inauguration marked first transfer
of power from one political party
to another in U.S. history;
peaceful transfer of power a rare
achievement at that time.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7
Featured
hymn called
"Pieces"
dedicated to
Jefferson,
which
includes an
invocation, a
hymn with
chorus, and
an oration, for
a large citywide
celebration in
Philadelphia
on the
occasion of
Jefferson's
inauguration
Source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/inaugural-exhibit.html
B. Inaugural Address
1. Jefferson stressed that he
supported will of the majority but
opposed mob rule.
2. Tried to reassure Federalists that
he would run the government
fairly and called for unity between
political parties
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9
II. Jefferson to Office
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A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice
1. Jefferson chose James Madison
as secretary of state and Albert
Gallatin as secretary of treasury.
2. Jefferson lowered military
spending, reduced the size of the
army and the navy.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 11
Source: http://img.tfd.com/authors/madison.jpg
Source: http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/gallatin/GALLATIN.jpg
A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice
3. Hoped to use savings from
military cuts to repay the
national debt
4. Eliminated domestic taxes,
such as the whiskey tax
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B. Relations with the Federalists
1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the
United States, which the
Federalists had established and
he had opposed, because the
banking system seemed practical.
2. Replaced a number of Federalist
officials with Republican
appointees
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15
A receipt for the whiskey tax, 1798
Source: http://www.tax.org/Museum/1777-1815.htm
III. Marbury v. Madison
Source: http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/cartoon.html
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17
A. New Judicial Offices
1. Before Jefferson took office as
president, Federalists in Congress
passed a law creating many new
judgeships and court offices.
2. President John Adams appointed
Federalists to fill these positions.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18
A. New Judicial Offices
3. When Jefferson took office, some
of these Federalists had not yet
received their special
commissions authorizing their
appointments.
4. Jefferson ordered James Madison
not to issue the papers.
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B. Marbury’s Case
1. William Marbury, one of the
people who had not received a
commission, asked the U.S.
Supreme Court to order the
executive branch to issue the
document.
2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789
gave the court this power
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20
Source: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/images/lect9/fx23_william_marbury.jpg
Oldest bank
building in America
Considered the
oldest building in
America with a
classical facade
Bank charter was in
effect for only 20
years
It cost $110,168.05
to build!
Ceased operations
in 1811
Source: http://www.ushistory.org/tour/tour_1bank.htm
C. The Court’s Ruling
1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court, was a Federalist who
disagreed with President Jefferson
about many issues.
2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v.
Madison that the Supreme Court did
not have the power to force the
executive branch to give Marbury his
paper.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 23
Source: http://faculty.smu.edu/jkobylka/ct-pix/John%20Marshall%20(large).jpg
C. The Court’s Ruling
3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789,
which gave the court this power,
was unconstitutional, or not
allowed by the Constitution.
4. Case established the power of
judicial review – the power of the
U.S. Supreme Court to declare an
act of Congress to be
unconstitutional.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25
Pictured to the right is the official portrait of Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court Oliver Ellsworth and his wife Abigail. Ellsworth was
the principle author of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the charter for the
federal judiciary system and the Marshals Service.
Source: http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789.htm
11.2 The Louisiana Purchase
Objectives:
• Describe how and why the
Louisiana Purchase took place.
• Explain what the Lewis & Clark
expedition achieved.
• Define the purpose of Pike’s
expedition.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27
I. French Louisiana
Source: http://www.lewis-clark.org/media/images/map_loupur3.jpg
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 28
A. French Ambitions
1. The leader of France, General
Napoléon Bonaparte, wanted to
rebuild France’s empire in North
America.
2. Planned to send troops to
Louisiana
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29
Source: http://utopia.utexas.edu/project/portraits/napoleon.jpg
A. French Ambitions
3. First, needed to recapture the
former French colony of St.
Domingue (present-day Haiti) to
establish a supply base near
Louisiana
4. Enslaved Africans had taken over
St. Domingue in the 1790s to gain
freedom.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31
Source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jeanmi.b/images/cartedomingue.jpg
A. French Ambitions
5. Former slave ToussaintLouverture ruled the island.
6. Napoléon’s army failed to retake
the island in 1802.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33
Source: http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/l/pics/louverture-toussaint.jpg
B. American Concerns
1. Jefferson learned that Spain had
returned Louisiana to France and
feared that French control of the
region would block U.S. western
expansion.
2. With control of New Orleans,
France could also interfere with
American trade along the
Mississippi River.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 35
II. The Louisiana Purchase
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II. The Louisiana Purchase
A. Jefferson told the U.S.
ambassador to France to make an
offer to buy New Orleans and
West Florida from France.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37
Source: http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/images/LouisianaPurchaseMap_Large.jpg
B. A Surprising Offer
1. French officials offered to sell all
of Louisiana to the United States.
2. France needed money because it
was about to go to war against
Britain.
3. Napoléon also hoped that if the
United States owned Louisiana, it
could challenge Britain’s power in
North America.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/1800/louisianapurchase/index.shtml
C. A Growing Nation
1. U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy
Louisiana for $15 million.
2. Jefferson feared that he did not have
the constitutional power to buy
Louisiana but agreed to the purchase
because it was in the country’s best
interest.
3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803
almost doubled the size of the United
States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41
Source: http://geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/jack_slides/lousianapurchase18031819.jpg
III. Mission of Discovery
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Source: http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/courses/his325/LOUISIAN.gif
III. Mission of Discovery
A. Jefferson planned an expedition
to explore western lands.
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III. Mission of Discovery
B. Meriwether Lewis, who had
served as Jefferson’s assistant,
led the expedition.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46
Source: http://www.tngenweb.org/lewis/meriwether.lewis.gif
III. Mission of Discovery
C. Lieutenant William Clark was coleader.
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Source: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/p050.jpg
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
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IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark
Expedition set out from St. Louis,
in present-day Missouri.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark.shtml
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
B. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian
woman, assisted the group.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 53
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark.shtml
Source: http://www.kshs.org/exhibits/blc/graphics/sacagawea.jpg
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
C. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky
Mountains; reached Pacific in
November 1805
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55
Source: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20Mission/LC_Pamphlet/25.jpg
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
D. Returned to St. Louis in
September 1806
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
E. Expedition learned much about
western lands and paths,
established relations with several
American Indian groups, and
collected valuable scientific
information.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58
V. Pike’s Exploration
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V. Pike’s Exploration
A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to
find the source of the Red River
and perhaps to spy on
settlements in New Spain.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60
Source: http://www.slvdweller.com/archives/ZebulonPike.jpg
V. Pike’s Exploration
B. Explored Rocky Mountains in
present-day Colorado, climbed
mountain now known as Pike’s
Peak, continued on into presentday New Mexico and Spanish-held
lands, where the Spanish arrested
him
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/p/pike.shtml
Source: http://www.imagesofcolorado.com/pikespix2/pikespeak1r.jpg
V. Pike’s Exploration
C. After release, Pike reported that
the Southwest offered good
business opportunities for
Americans.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65
11.3 The Coming of War
Objectives:
• Determine why the United States placed
an embargo on France and Great
Britain.
• Explain what Tecumseh wanted to
accomplish and how successful he was.
• Analyze why the United States declared
war on Great Britain in 1812.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66
I. Danger on the High Seas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67
I. Danger on the High Seas
A. U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids
conducted by North African
countries called the Barbary
States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68
Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/31/32716/figures/DIVI158.jpg
B. Problems with Great Britain
1. United States supplied goods and
war materials to Great Britain and
France, who went to war in 1803.
2. Each nation passed laws to stop
the United States from trading
with its enemy.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70
B. Problems with Great Britain
3. The British stopped and seized
American ships and also
searched them for runaway
British sailors, who were then
forced to return to the British
navy.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71
B. Problems with Great Britain
4. Impressment, or forcing people to
serve in the army or navy, angered
the United States, particularly
when the British accidentally
impressed some U.S. citizens.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72
The impressment of
an American
seaman.
In Newfoundland men
were exempt from
impressment, an act
practiced in the
United States.
From a drawing by
Stanley M. Arthurs.
From Captain A.T.
Mahan, Sea Power
and its Relations to
the War of 1812, Vol.
I (London: Sampson
Low, Marston &
Company, Limited,
1894) 102.
Source: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/impressment.html
II. A Trade War
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 74
II. A Trade War
A. Many Americans called for an
embargo, or the banning of trade,
in response to Britain’s violations
of U.S. neutrality.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 75
American merchants disliked the Embargo Act of 1807. They argued that it
would be years before Britain and France actually felt its effect while
American trade stagnated.
Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/catalogues/sket149.html
B. Trade Laws
1. Congress passed the Embargo
Act, which banned trade with
foreign nations.
2. Act damaged American economy,
especially in New York and New
England.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 77
Source: http://www.newark.k12.ny.us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/jefferson/embargo.jpg
B. Trade Laws
3. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act,
which banned trade with Britain,
France and their colonies and
stated the United States would
resume trade with the first side to
stop violating U.S. neutrality.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79
The Non-Intercourse Act was designed to end the violations of US neutrality
by the British and French. The Non-Intercourse Act superseded the NonImportation Act, which barred all trading.
Source: http://www.historycentral.com/NN/Nonenter.html
III. The Rise of Tecumseh
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81
III. The Rise of Tecumseh
A. American Indians and American
settlers in Northwest Territory
clashed again.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 82
Source: http://www.sd4history.com/Unit1/beginningslesson3.htm
III. The Rise of Tecumseh
B. British aided these American
Indian groups in hopes of limiting
U.S. expansion.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84
III. The Rise of Tecumseh
C. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to
unite American Indians against the
United States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85
Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/catalogues/peop_tecumseh.html
IV. War on the Frontier
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IV. War on the Frontier
A. William Henry Harrison, governor
of Indiana Territory, saw
Tecumseh as a threat.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 88
Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000095.htm
IV. War on the Frontier
B. In 1810 in the Battle of
Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces
defeated American Indian forces,
which caused Tecumseh to lose
much of his support.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90
Source: http://home1.gte.net/vzn05sxc/tmap.jpg
V. The War Debate
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92
A. The War Hawks
1. War Hawks were members of
Congress who favored war
against Great Britain.
2. Leaders included Henry Clay,
John C. Calhoun; support
strongest in South, West
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93
Source: http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hclay/hclay.htm
Source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/calhoun.jpg
A. The War Hawks
3. Saw war as only answer, and
some hoped war might expand
the United States
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95
Source: http://www.newark.k12.ny.us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/madison/warhawks.jpg
B. Doves wanted peace
1. Federalists in New England feared
war with Britain would hurt the
economy.
2. Other Americans argued that war
was unnecessary and costly and
that the U.S. military was not
prepared to fight powerful Britain.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97
VI. A Declaration of War
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 98
VI. A Declaration of War
A. President James Madison, a
Republican who had been elected
in 1808, told Congress that Britain
was already in a state of war
against the nation.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 99
http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesmadison/biography/resources/images/PortraitMadison.image.jpg
B. Congress Acts
1. Southern and western
representatives in Congress voted
for war.
2. Delaware, New England states,
New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania opposed war.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 101
B. Congress Acts
3. War Hawks won, and Congress
declared war for the first time in
U.S. history.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 102
11.4 The War of 1812
Objectives:
• Describe how the war progressed at sea
and in the Great Lakes region.
• Explain how actions by American
Indians aided the British during the war.
• Identify the strategy the British pursued
in the East.
• Examine how the war came to an end.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 103
I. The War at Sea
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 104
A. Advantages and Disadvantages
1. U.S. navy had fewer than 20 ships,
while the British had hundreds.
2. U.S. government licensed private
ships (called privateers) to attack
British merchant ships.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 105
A. Advantages and Disadvantages
3. U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors
and new warships that carried
more cannons than most British
ships of the same size.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 106
I. The War at Sea
B. Early in war, most British naval
ships were scattered far from the
United States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 107
I. The War at Sea
C. Britain then turned to patrolling
seas in large groups and
blockading U.S. ports.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 108
II. The Canadian Border
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 109
II. The Canadian Border
A. Americans attempted to invade
Canada, but British force, aided
by American Indians under
Tecumseh, defeated U.S. force
and captured Fort Detroit.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 110
B. The Great Lakes
1. By the end of 1812, the British
controlled the strategic Great
Lakes region.
2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
commanded a small U.S. fleet on
Lake Erie.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 111
Source: http://housatonic.net/faculty/ABALL/US1Notes010.htm
Source: http://www.jimpoz.com/quotes/speaker.php?speakerid=621
B. The Great Lakes
3. At the Battle of Lake Erie in
September 1813, Perry’s fleet
defeated British forces, which
were forced to withdraw.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 114
Source: http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/images/shilstone/shilstone-erie-map.jpg
III. The Frontier War
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 116
A. Tecumseh and the British
1. After Perry’s victory, William
Henry Harrison pursued British
into Canada.
2. At the Battle of the Thames in
October 1813, Harrison’s forces
defeated the British and their
American Indian allies.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 117
Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/maps/554mapfull.html
A. Tecumseh and the British
3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which
weakened the Indian-British
alliance.
4. Victory secured U.S. border with
Canada.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 119
B. The Creek War
1. Creek force, led by Chief Red
Eagle, took Fort Mims in presentday Alabama.
2. General Andrew Jackson led U.S.
forces against the Creek.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 120
Source: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/al/state1/baldwin/redeagle.JPG
Source: http://www.historyplace.com/specials/portraits/presidents/
B. The Creek War
3. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
in 1814, U.S. forces defeated the
Creek force.
4. Victory ended Creek War, and
Creek forced to give up millions of
acres of land.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 123
Source: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/horseshoebendbattlemaplarge.jpg
IV. The British on the Offensive
A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops
and strengthened its blockade of
U.S. ports.
B. British forces sacked Washington
but failed to take Fort McHenry in
Baltimore.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 125
The valiant defense of the fort by 1,000 dedicated Americans
inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Source: http://images.myareaguide.com/aps/op/fomc.jpg
V. The Battle of New Orleans
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 127
V. The Battle of New Orleans
A. British forces launched attack on
New Orleans.
B. American forces defeated the
British at the Battle of New
Orleans.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 128
Source: http://www.napoleonguide.com/images/map_neworlean.jpg
VI. Ending the War
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 130
A. The Hartford Convention
1. New England Federalists against
the war met at the Hartford
Convention.
2. Some delegates wanted New
England to withdraw from the
United States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 131
Documents courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Source: http://www.primaryresearch.org/PRTHB/Dane/Norton/1.jpg
A. The Hartford Convention
3. Delegates decided to send a
group to Congress to demand
states’ rights.
4. War ended; Federalists were
accused of treason and lost much
political power.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 133
B. The Peace Treaty
1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War
of 1812 on December 21, 1814.
2. Each nation returned all the
territory it had conquered, treaty
provided no solutions to problems
of impressment or trade
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 134
The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Ghent in Belgium, late December
1814, to end the War of 1812 and a close return to terms as they were
before the war.
Source: http://www.canadianheritage.org/reproductions/20020.htm
B. The Peace Treaty
3. Both sides agreed to continue to
work on these problems once
there was peace.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 136