Transcript The New American Imperialism and the Rise of Anglo

The New
American
Imperialism
and the
Rise of
AngloAmerican
Friendship
We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and
occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands.
Senator Albert Beveridge (April 27, 1898)
American Foreign Policy (1865-1914)
and the 5 Ds of Expansionism
• Ever since the 1790s, U.S. foreign policy had been centered on
expanding westward, protecting U.S. interests abroad, and limiting foreign
influences in the Americas.
• Now in the late 19th century, America expanded its influence across the
Pacific to the Philippines and became a world power
 Dollars – need for raw materials; need for overseas markets; foreign investment
of surplus domestic capital
 Defense – oceans providing less protection; need to identify friends and enemies;
need for bases for refueling, encouraged by Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence
of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
 Deity – to spread Christianity; Josiah Strong advocated expansion to spread
religious values in his book, Our Country
 Destiny – Manifest Destiny; new expansionism was intended to meet needs of
industry, not agriculture
 Democracy – to promote democracy around the world
Seward, Alaska, and the French
in Mexico
William Henry Seward
was the 12th Governor
of New York, United
States Senator and the
United States Secretary
of State under Lincoln
and Johnson.
• A leading Republican of the 1850s and 60s,
William H. Seward of New York served
under Lincoln and Johnson as their
secretary of state
• During the Civil War, Seward helped
prevent Great Britain and France from
entering the war on the side of the South
• He was a strong expansionist, but failed to
convince Congress to annex Hawaii or
purchase the Danish West Indies
• He did however achieve the annexation of
Midway Islands and gained the rights to
build a canal in Nicaragua
Seward, Alaska, and the French in
Mexico continued…
The signing of the Alaska
Treaty of Cessation on
March 30, 1867.
• Napoleon III had taken advantage of
U.S. involvement in the Civil War by
sending French troops to occupy Mexico
• After the Civil War, Seward invoked the
Monroe Doctrine and threatened military
action if France did not leave-Napoleon
backed down
• Shortly after the French removal,
Seward persuaded the Congress in
1867 to purchase Alaska for 7.2 million
from Russia
• Americans did not see the value initially
and called the acquisition sarcastically
“Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”
The New Imperialism
“God has not been preparing the
English-speaking and Teutonic
peoples for a thousand years for
nothing. He has made us the
master organizers of the world to
establish system where chaos
reigns.”
-Albert Beveridge
• As the United States industrialized
in the late 19th century, it also
intensified its foreign involvement
party because of
(1) worldwide markets for its
industrial and agricultural
surpluses
(2) sources of raw materials for
manufacturing
(3) many conservatives hoped that
overseas territories might offer an
outlet for unhappiness at home
Imperialism
The New American Empire
• America was not alone in its desire
to pursue a policy of imperialism
• Other nations across Europe, led
by Britain, France, Germany, and
Russia (Japan as well), were
involved in gaining possessions
and influence in weaker countries
• In the United States, advocates of
American expansion included the
following
(1) missionaries
(2) politicians
(3) naval strategists
(4) journalists
American Expansionists
The political thinker Brooks
Adams, in his influential 1896
book The Law of Civilization
and Decay, wrote that “the
time had come” when surplus
American products “must be
sold abroad,” especially in the
immense markets of Asia.
Missionaries:
-Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of
Anglo-Saxon stock were “fittest to survive”
and that it was their duty to spread
Christianity and Western civilization
Politicians:
-Congressional leaders such as Henry Cabot
Lodge of Massachusetts and Republican
governor of New York Theodore Roosevelt
were eager to build U.S. power
Naval Power:
-U.S. Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
-Using his arguments, the Congress financed
the construction of modern steel ships (by
1900, the U.S. was 3rd largest naval power)
American Expansionists
continued…
Popular Press:
-Newspapers and magazine
editors found that they could
increase circulation by printing
adventure stories about distant
places
-this increased public interest and
stimulated demands for a larger
U.S. role in world affairs
On the cover of Puck Magazine - the
National personification of the US —
preens herself with an Easter bonnet in the
form of a warship bearing the words "World
Power" and the word "Expansion" on the
smoke coming out of its stack.
U.S. Interests in Latin
America
“Big Sister Policy”
The Pan American
Union Building was
constructed in 1910,
on Constitution
Avenue, Northwest,
Washington, D.C.
Blaine and the Pan-American Conferences:
-Secretary of State James G. Blaine established closer
ties with Latin American nations in 1889 (he wanted
tariff reductions)
-The Pan-American Union was created to establish
international cooperation on trade and other issues
-it continues today as the OSA (Organization of American
States)
Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine:
- In 1895-1896, President Cleveland and Secretary of
State Richard Olney insisted to arbitrate a boundary
issue (colony of Guiana) between Great Britain and
Venezuela
The Growing U.S.-British
Friendship
An 1896 cartoon from an
American newspaper, following
Britain's agreement to go to
arbitration.
• The dispute over the boundary between
Venezuela and British Guiana brought
the most serious crisis in relations since
the Civil War.
• The British capitulated because:
(1) trade with the U.S. was very
important
(2) there were British concerns over
threats to its world position
(3) the U.S. threatened possible military
measures
• British capitulation in the Venezuelan
boundary dispute enormously enhanced
U.S. prestige and strengthened the
Monroe Doctrine.
The Convergence of U.S. and
British Interests
Punch cartoon after the conclusion
of the Tribunal of Arbitration.
PEACE AND PLENTY. Lord
Salisbury (chuckling). "I like
arbitration — In the PROPER
PLACE!"
• Most interests were identical or
complementary:
-In the Caribbean, the British wanted
only to hold on to what they
already had, not to expand
-The U.S. had no interests in Africa,
where the British dominated
-In China, both the U.S. and Britain
favored open access to trade by
all nations.
-The coming war between the U.S.
and Spain would influence U.S.British relations.
Open Door Policy in China
John Milton Hay was
an American statesman,
diplomat, author,
journalist, and private
secretary and assistant to
Abraham Lincoln.
• Europeans were further impressed by U.S.
involvement in global politics as a result of
Secretary of State John Hay’s policies
toward China
• In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain,
France, and Germany had established
spheres of influence that led to their
dominance in trade and investment
• To prevent the U.S. from losing access to
China, Hay dispatched a note in 1899 to
nations holding spheres of influence
• He requested an Open Door Policy (the
press hailed the initiative)
Boxer Rebellion, 1900
A French political cartoon
depicting China as a king
cake is about to be carved up
by Queen Victoria (Britain),
Wilhelm II (Germany),
Nicolas II (Russia),
Marianne (France), and a
samurai (Japan) while a
Mandarin official helplessly
looks on.
• Nationalism and xenophobia were on the
rise in China
• A secret society of Chinese nationaliststhe Society of Harmonious Fists, or
Boxers-did the following:
(1)Attacked foreign settlements
(2)Murdered dozens of Christian
missionaries
-To protect American lives, the U.S. sent
troops (international force) into Beijing and
quickly crushed the rebellion
Hay’s second round of notes:
-Hay feared that the expeditionary force in
China might attempt to occupy the country
and destroy its independence
Hay’s Response
Troops of the Eight nations alliance
in 1900.
Left to right: Britain, United States,
Australian, British India,
Germany, France, Austria-Hungary,
Italy, Japan
• In 1900, Hay wrote a second
note to the imperialistic powers
stating U.S. commitment to:
(1)preserve China’s territorial
integrity
(2)safeguard “equal and impartial
trade with all parts of the
Chinese empire
• Hay’s Open Door Policy
greatly influenced the McKinley
and Roosevelt administrations
as well as the U.S.’s policy
toward China and Japan in the
1930s
Key Names, Events, and
Terms
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William Seward
Napoleon III
Mexico
Alaska purchase 1867
Josiah Strong, Our Country
Alfred Thayer Mahan, The
Influence of Sea Power Upon
History
Pan-American Conference
1889
James Blaine
Richard Olney
Venezuela boundary dispute
John Hay
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Spheres of influence
Open Door Policy
Xenophobia
Boxer Rebellion
Question
Which of the following statements best defines the Open
Door policy? [Text answer code to 37607]
(a) The U.S. would encourage greater immigration from
Europe and Asia. 353362
(b) The U.S. would seek spheres of influence in China.
353363
(c) Japan would not be permitted to trade in China.
353364
(d) All nations should have equal trading rights in China.
353365
(e) All nations should have equal trading rights in all
parts of the world. 353366
Answer
D: All nations should have equal trading
rights in China.