Transcript Westward Expansion

Chapter 9
Pages 256- 283
 What
caused the upsurge of westward
migration after the War of 1812?
 What changes were linked to the rise of the
market economy?
 How did the rise of canals affect where
Americans lived and how they made their
living?
 What caused the rise of Industrialization?
 How did the rise of Industrialization
influence relationships within families and
communities?

Population
• 1790
 Majority lives East of
Appalachian mountains and
within a few miles of ocean
• 1840
 1/3 lives between
Appalachian mountains and
Mississippi River

The Sweep West
• Series of bursts
 1790s
 1791-1803
 4 new states
 1816-1821
 6 new states

Characteristics
• Families
• Clustered near rivers
• Regional settlement

Society and Customs
• Craved sociability
• Rural neighbors joined
together
 Sports, hoedowns
• Clear division of labor
• Lack of refinement
• East-West tensions

Far West
•
•
•
•
Adventure spirit
Zebulon Pike 1806
John Jacob Astor 1811
Mountain Men
 Kit Carlson
 Jedediah Smith
 Jim Beckworth

Federal Government
• Promised land to enlisted
men War of 1812
• 6 million acres of “military
bounties”
• Led to Congress authorizing
extension of National Road in
1816

5 Civilized Tribes

• Cherokees, Choctaws,
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Creeks, Chickasaws, and
Seminoles

1831
 Marshall denied Cherokee
claim as a republic within GA
 Recognized claim to land
Legislation
• Worchester v. Georgia 1832
 legal position was a “distinct”
political community entitled
to Federal protection
• 1820s
 Alabama, Georgia,
Mississippi legislatures
restrict natives rights

Jackson
• 1830 passes Indian
Removal Act
 Trades western public land
for Indian land in East
 100 million acres of Indian
land for 32 million public
acres
Supreme Court

Trail of Tears
• Treaty of Echota 1835
• All Cherokee lands sold for
$6.5 million
• Congress ratified
• 1/3 die during/after Trail of
Tears
 Northwest Tribes
• Series of Treaties gave
up land
• Two uprisings
 Red Bird 1827
 crushed
 Blackhawk 1832
 Resisted removal
 Attacked by Federal and
Militia troops
 Led to older tribes ceded
land to US
 Agricultural
Boom
• Rising prices in
•
•
•
•
commodities drew
settlers west
Demand for wheat
increases
Shift to non-agricultural
work in NE increases
demand
River transportation
Technological advances
 1793 Cotton Gin- Eli
Whitney
 Risk
of Market Economy
• No control of fluctuating
distant markets
• Long interval between
harvesting and selling
crops
 Farmers borrow $
 Short-term debt increases
and worse than expected

Federal Land Policy
• Problems with Ordinance of
1785
 Assumed farmers ban together to
buy land
• Federalists
 Encourage wealthy land
speculators to buy land
 Laws for min. price $2
• Jefferson
 Changes laws. Land Law 1800

Speculator/Squatter
• Preemption
 Forces small farmers to buy land
on credit with high interest
 Forced to grow cash crops and
exhaust soil
 “moving frontier”

Panic of 1819
• Too many bank notes issued
• Farmers/investors borrowed
•
•
•
•
tons of $
Recession in Britain, bumper
crops in Europe= less
demand
National Bank tightens loan
policies
Land speculators lose most,
land prices fall
Significance:
 Economic damage
 Bitter taste about banks
 Farmers depend on distant
markets
 Need better transportation

Weaknesses 1820

• Erie Canal 1817-1825
• Canal Frenzy
• Rivers flowed North to South
• Roads expensive
• Horse-wagons limited

Canals
 Linked Western farms to Eastern
cities
 Constructed by states
 Three consequences
Steamboat
• 1807 Fulton’s Clermont
• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
 Lowers food prices in East
 More immigrants move West
 Stronger economic ties between
West and East
 Broke up monopoly
 Increased Steamboat traffic
• Shipping faster and cheaper
• Vital role in Miss-Ohio river
system
• 1st air pollution
 Boom ended in 1830s

Railroads
•
•
•
•
•
1825- 1st commercial (UK)
US investment 1830s
Connected non-river cities
Cheaper than canals to build
Built by private corporations
 Growth
of Cities
• Caused by
Transportation
Revolution
• 1820-1860
• Dramatic in West
 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St.
Louis
 River ports, commercial
hubs
• Completion of canals
shifted boom to Great
Lakes
 Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit,
Chicago

Beginnings
• Century behind Britain
• Samuel Slater 1789
 1st Cotton Mill
• Regional
• Gradual process

Causes
• Political
 Embargo Act of 1807
 Tariff 1816
 NY Law 1811
• Tensions in Rural Economy
 NE, too much pop for land
• Technology
 Labor saving machines
 No guilds

Textile Towns in NE
• 1st industrial region
• Why?
 Recession 1808,1810
 Rivers
 Surplus of young women
• Cotton Textile Mills
 Francis Cabot Lowell 1813
 Lowell Mills
 Upset traditional order
• Protests
 1834, 1836
 Not just against employers,
but women vs. men

Artisans and Workers in
Mid-Atlantic Cities
• Manufacturing depended
on outwork
• Industrial centers despite
lack of rivers
• Trade Unions




As early as 1790s
Skilled vs. unskilled
Shorter workdays
Obstacles:
 Immigration
 State laws prohibiting Unions
 Frequent economic depression

Equality and Inequality
• Rich and Poor
 Few examples of “rags to
riches”
 John Jacob Astor
 Most people poor
 Young nation with little
property
 Deserving poor vs.
undeserving
 Immigrants
 Irish Catholic
• Free Blacks
 Deeply rooted prejudice
 Restrictions in North
 Response
 1st black run churches
 African Methodist Episcopal
Church in Philly

Middling Class
• Most lived in middle
• Professionals, landowning
farmers, small merchants,
artisans
• High degree of transience
and unpredictability

Social Relationships
• Two generalizations
 Questioning authority
 New foundations of authority
• Attack of Professions
 Lawyers, Physicians, Ministers
• Challenge to Family
Authority
 Staying home vs. leaving
 Free of parental supervision
 Changes in marriage
decisions
• Wives and Husbands
 Separate “spheres”
 Children
 Raising
 Birth control
• Horizontal Allegiances
 New allegiances to social
networks
 Religious, philosophical
 Vehicles to assert influence
 Create
a thesis for the following question:
• In what ways did developments in transportation
bring about economic and social change in the
United States in the period 1820 to 1860?
 One
sentence
 MUST include:
• Answer the prompt
• Provide place/time
• TWO categories of analysis
 Economic
 Social
 Website:
• Thesis Statements: How to Write Them (Dennis G.
Jerz, Seton Hill University)
 Create a fact list
 In what ways did developments in transportation bring
about economic and social change in the United States
in the period 1820 to 1860?