Transcript Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 17 Manifest Destiny and War 1840-1860

Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and War
1840-1860
17.1 Manifest Destiny and
Expansion
Objectives:
 Analyze
how Americans’ belief in
manifest destiny affected western
expansion.
 Explain how the United States
acquired Oregon and Texas.
 Discuss events that led to the
Mexican War.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2
I. The Roots of Manifest Destiny
A.
B.
Manifest Destiny – the belief that
nothing would stop the United
States from expanding to the
Pacific Ocean
Term first used by New York
newspaper editor John O’Sullivan
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3
Source: http://lfa.atu.edu/ssphil/people/ssjw/front/md.htm
C. Origins of Manifest Destiny
1.
2.
Found in Americans’ economic,
political, and social experiences
Puritans believed that their society
was a special promised land, which
would serve as a religious example
to the rest of the world.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 5
C. Origins of Manifest Destiny
3.
4.
During the American Revolution,
Patriots believed that the United
States would prove to the world that
democracy could work in a large
and growing country
Desire for farmland and new
markets for goods also promoted
expansion.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 6
II. Gone West
A.
B.
C.
By the 1840s many Americans
accepted the idea of Manifest
Destiny.
Settlers moved into areas outside of
the United States, such as
California, Oregon and Texas.
Ignored the fact that American
Indians and Mexicans already lived
in these areas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7
III. The Election of 1844
Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000096.jpg
A. John Tyler
1.
2.
Made western expansion an
election issue by supporting Texas
annexation
Was vice president; became
president when President Harrison
died in 1841
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9
Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/tyler.jpg
B. Henry Clay
1.
2.
Selected over Tyler as the Whig
presidential candidate
Initially opposed Texas annexation,
but later supported it without
enthusiasm
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 11
Source: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/HenryClay5.jpg
C. James K. Polk
1.
2.
Democratic presidential candidate
who wanted to acquire Texas and
Oregon
Defeated Clay by a narrow margin
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13
Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000098.jpg
III. The Election of 1844
D.
Manifest Destiny played an
important role in the election.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15
IV. Acquiring New Territory
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 16
A. Oregon Country
1.
2.
Great Britain and the United States
disagreed over the U.S.-Canada
border in Oregon, and war seemed
possible.
In 1846 the two nations signed a
treaty giving the United States all
Oregon land south of the 49th
parallel; drew border between
Canada and the United States
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17
B. Texas
1.
2.
The United States and Texas
approved annexation, and Texas
became the 28th state in 1845
Annexation angered the Mexican
government, however.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18
V. War Breaks Out
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19
A. Mexico’s Response
1.
2.
Cut diplomatic ties with United
States, ordered U.S. Settlers out of
California
Claimed the border between Texas
and Mexico was the Nueces River,
which was farther north than the
Rio Grande, the border the United
States claimed
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wpdms_republic_of_texas.png
B. War
1.
2.
3.
Polk ordered General Zachary
Taylor into the disputed border
region.
Polk unsuccessfully tried to buy
California and New Mexico from
Mexico.
Congress declared war in 1846,
after American and Mexican
soldiers clashed.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 22
http://home.sandiego.edu/~landeros/mexican/taylor.JPG
17.2 The Mexican War
Objectives:
 Describe Americans’ reactions to the
declaration of war against Mexico.
 Examine the major events and
battles of the war.
 Explain the terms of the treaty that
ended the Mexican War.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24
I. Response to War
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25
A. War with Mexico
1.
2.
3.
Although outnumbered, the U.S.
Army had better weapons and
equipment than Mexican forces did.
Some 200,000 Americans
volunteered to fight.
First U.S. war fought mainly on
foreign soil
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26
A. War with Mexico
4.
5.
First U.S. war covered by many
newspapers, and one of the first
wars to be photographed
War stirred patriotic fervor among
many Americans.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27
Source: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/kurt.mayer/graphics/MexWarl.jpg
B. Opposition to the War
1.
2.
Many Whig Party members thought
the war was unjustified and
unneeded.
Writer Henry David Thoreau was
jailed for refusing to pay taxes,
which he believed would support a
war that he considered unjust.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29
Source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/portrait/thoreau.jpg
B. Opposition to the War
3.
4.
Northern abolitionists opposed the
war because they feared
southerners would try to establish
slavery in any new territories
acquired as a result of the war.
Some pro-slavery southerners,
such as John C. Calhoun, also
opposed the war because they
worried that new territories might
ban slavery.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31
Source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/calhoun.jpg
II. American Victories
A.
B.
After winning battles north of the
Rio Grande, Zachary Taylor led his
troops across the river and
occupied the town of Matamoros.
Brigadier General Stephen Kearny
captured Santa Fe and headed for
California.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33
Kearny (red line)
Taylor (blue line)
Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/kearny_doniphan_campaigns.jpg
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Ch11kearny.jpg
C. California
1.
2.
American settlers led the Bear Flag
Revolt against California.
U.S. Army explorer John C. Frémont
encouraged Americans to join the
revolt.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36
The First Bear Flag 1846
The flag flew over the town of Sonoma from June 14
until it was replaced on July 9, 1846 by the Stars and
Stripes.
The State Flag of California
The 1846 First Bear Flag served as the model for
our current state flag which was adopted as the
State Flag in 1911.
Source: http://www.ourhealdsburg.com/history/flags_files/california.jpg
C. California
3.
4.
Meanwhile, U.S. naval forces and
Kearny’s troops captured several
towns.
Americans claimed control of
California in August 1846.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 38
III. The War’s End
A.
Taylor’s forces defeated General
Santa Anna’s army at Buena Vista in
Mexico.
General Santa Anna
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna-1.gif
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39
Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/kearny_doniphan_campaigns.jpg
B. Politics
1.
2.
President Polk, a Democrat, feared
that General Taylor, a Whig, was
becoming too popular and might
run for the presidency.
As a result of this and other
reasons, Polk replaced Taylor with
Winfield Scott.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41
Source: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/july/general-winfield-scott.jpg
C. Final Battles
1.
2.
Scott’s forces captured the key port
city of Veracruz, Mexico.
After a major battle, American
troops took Mexico City in
September 1847.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43
Source: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/mexicanwaroperationsmap.jpg
IV. More New Territories
A.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
signed in February 1848, marked
the peace.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45
B. Terms
1.
2.
United States received the Mexican
Cession, land that included the
present-day states of California,
Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona
and New Mexico; and parts of
Colorado and Wyoming.
The Rio Grande was established as
the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46
Source: http://www.notredamehs.com/TeachResource/Branigan/mexican_cession%5B1%5D.jpg
B. Terms
3.
The United States paid Mexico $15
million and assumed claims of more
than $3 million held by American
citizens against Mexico.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48
IV. More New Territories
C.
In 1853 the United States negotiated
the Gadsden Purchase, paying
Mexico $10 million for the southern
parts of what are now Arizona and
New Mexico.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 49
Source: http://www.oldmesilla.org/assets/images/gadsden-purchase-map.jpg
17.3 More Settlers Head West
Objectives:
 Analyze the conflicts caused by new
U.S. settlement in the Southwest.
 Discuss the interaction between
various cultures in the Southwest.
 Explain why the Mormons moved to
the West and what they achieved
there.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51
I. Conflicts over Land
A.
American settlers, traders, and
speculators flooded into the
Mexican Cession.
Source: http://members.tripod.com/mexicancession/links/linkhead.gif
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52
Source: http://www.worldbook.com/features/lewisandclark/assets/mexicancession.gif
B. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest
1.
2.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
protected property rights of
residents in the Mexican Cession.
U.S. government often made
Mexican American landowners
defend their property rights in
court, which bankrupted many of
the landowners.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 54
B. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest
3.
4.
New settlers often ignored Mexican
legal traditions, such as community
property and community water
rights.
To protect their property, some
Tejanos married into powerful
Anglo families.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55
C. Treatment of American
Indians in the Southwest
1.
2.
New white settlers often took
control of water resources and
grazing lands.
Settlers rarely showed respect for
Indian burial grounds and holy
places.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56
C. Treatment of American
Indians in the Southwest
3.
4.
American Indian raiding parties
sometimes attacked settlements.
Settlers fought back, sometimes
attacking Indian groups or villages
not involved in the raids, which led
to new conflicts.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57
II. Cultural Encounters
A.
American Indian, Mexican, and
Anglo cultures came together and
influenced one another in the
Southwest.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58
B. Mexican and American Indian Influences
1.
2.
3.
The Spanish language was
important in trade and daily life.
Many place-names reflected the
Mexican and American Indian
heritage.
American and European settlers
adopted some Mexican holidays.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59
B. Mexican and American Indian Influences
4.
5.
6.
Mexican Americans taught
Americans mining and ranching
techniques.
The Spanish adopted from the
Pueblo the use of adobe as a
building material.
New settlers adopted Mexican and
American Indian foods, such as
tamales.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60
C. Trade
1.
2.
Brought people from different
communities and cultures together
and altered the economy of the
Southwest.
The Navajo became known as
skilled silversmiths, a craft they had
learned from Mexican American
settlers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 61
C. Trade
3.
Americans brought manufactured
goods, such as firearms, and new
breeds of animals to the Southwest.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62
III. The Mormons
A.
In 1830 Joseph Smith founded the
Church of Jesus Christ of LatterDay Saints, whose members
became known as Mormons.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63
Source: http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/images/joseph-smith.jpg
B. Persecution
1.
2.
3.
Were persecuted for some of their
beliefs and practices, such as
polygamy
To escape, moved from New York to
Ohio, then to Missouri, and then to
Illinois
An anti-Mormon mob murdered
Smith in Illinois in 1844.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65
B. Persecution
4.
5.
Brigham Young became the head of
the church after Smith’s death.
Young chose Utah, then Mexican
territory, as the new home for the
Mormons.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66
Source: http://class.et.byu.edu/it431/labs/byoung_low.png
C. Moving West
1.
2.
Mormons followed a route that
became known as the Mormon Trail.
Founded Salt Lake City, which
became the main Mormon
community
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68
Source: http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/M12a02.gif
17.4 The Gold Rush
Objectives:
 Discuss why many people headed
west to California in 1849.
 Describe what life was like in gold
rush mining camps and towns.
 Analyze how the gold rush changed
California.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70
I. The Forty-Niners
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71
A. Gold
1.
2.
Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill
in January 1848.
President Polk confirmed the
discovery in a speech that
December.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sutters_Mill.jpg
B. The California Gold Rush
1.
2.
3.
Caused a huge increase in the
population of California
Began in 1849 and drew some
80,000 gold-seekers, known as
forty-niners
Nearly 80 percent of the forty-niners
were U.S. citizens.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 74
Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t012/T012961A.jpg
C. Getting to California
1.
2.
Easterners and Europeans usually
took sea routes.
One route went around the Cape of
Good Hope and took six to nine
months.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 76
http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/student/frederik.munzel/Bilder/076%20Cape%20of%20good%20Hope.jpg
C. Getting to California
3.
4.
Another route combined sea travel
with a land trip across Central
America.
Americans from the Midwest
usually took wagon trains to
California.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 78
D. San Francisco
1.
2.
Became a stopping point and trade
center for forty-niners and other
travelers
Grew from 800 residents in 1848 to
25,000 in 1850
http://www.sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8081
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79
II. Gold Fever
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 80
A. Mining
1.
2.
Forty-niners would prospect, or
search for gold, along streams or in
shallow mines
Disagreements over mining rights
could lead to violent confrontations.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81
Source: http://www.aoc.gov/images/gold.jpg
II. Gold Fever
B.
California’s yearly gold production
peaked at more than $60 million in
1853.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 83
III. Mining Camps and Towns
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84
A. Mining Towns
1.
2.
Often lacked law enforcement
Could be violent and dangerous
places
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85
Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/MiningTown.jpg
B. Women
1.
2.
Only about five percent of gold rush
immigrants were women and
children.
Some married women made the
journey to California with their
husbands.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87
25 Families are supplied by this hydrant.
Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/life.htm
C. Making Money
1.
2.
3.
Many people made money by
selling goods and services to
miners.
Some women made money by
doing laundry and cooking meals.
Severe inflation led to prices such
as $1 for a single egg.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 89
D. Biddy Mason
1.
2.
3.
Biddy Mason and her family arrived
in California as slaves.
They gained their liberty, and Mason
worked as a nurse and did domestic
work.
Mason invested in land and became
one of California’s wealthiest
landowners.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90
Source: http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/west/masonb_l.jpg
IV. Immigrants to California
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92
A. Chinese immigrants
1.
2.
3.
Came to escape famine and
economic hardships in
southeastern China
Suffered discrimination and
violence in California
Worked in the mines, and many also
opened their own businesses
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93
IV. Immigrants to California
B.
Immigrants also arrived from
Europe, Mexico, and South
America.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 94
V. Growth in the West
A.
B.
The California Gold Rush led to a
population boom.
As the gold rush faded, California
society became more stable.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95
Source: http://www.goldrush.com/~joann/women1.jpg
V. Growth in the West
C.
D.
Many new arrivals treated
Californios and American Indians
badly.
California had the population
necessary to apply for statehood in
1850.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97