Transcript Chapter 18.3 & 19.3

Chapter 18.3
Foreign Policy
Troubles
United States History
Ms. Girbal
Wednesday, June 3, 2015
We are almost there…
 Wednesday,
June 3- Sections 18.3 and
19.3 (LAST SECTIONS!!! YAY!!!)
 Thursday,
June 4- Potluck

Review for final

Work on studyguides
 Monday,
June 8- Review for final
 Tuesday,
June 9- FINAL

Studyguide due!
Objectives
•
Compare the policies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy
Carter toward the Soviet Union.
•
Discuss changing U.S. foreign policy in the
developing world.
•
Identify the successes and failures of Carter’s
foreign policy in the Middle East.
Gerald Ford continued Nixon’s policies of détente
with the Soviet Union after he took office in 1974.
The United States continued
disarmament talks with the
Soviets that led to SALT II,
limiting nuclear arms production.
Ford also endorsed the Helsinki Accords,
a document that put major nations on record in
support of human rights.
The U.S. sought to put the Vietnam War in the past.
South Vietnam fell to the communists. Many of the
boat people eventually found refuge in the United
States and Canada.
Early in his presidency, Jimmy Carter
continued Nixon’s and Ford’s policies
toward the Soviet Union.
In June 1979, Carter signed the SALT II arms control
treaty despite opposition from many Americans who
believed it jeopardized U.S. security. The U.S. Senate held
heated debates about whether to vote for the treaty, which
angered the Soviet Union.
Additionally, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to
support its communist government.
Carter withdrew SALT II from Congress and imposed
sanctions, or penalties, on the Soviets.
Jimmy Carter changed the course of American foreign
policy by declaring it would be guided by a concern for
human rights.
Carter’s beliefs about human rights changed the way that
the U.S. dealt with countries in the developing world. The
U.S. stopped sending money to countries that ignored their
citizens’ rights, such as Nicaragua.
Carter also decided to return the Panama Canal Zone to
Panama by 1999. Although some Americans feared that
this would weaken national security, the Canal Zone
treaties were ratified in 1978 and Panama now has full
control of the canal.
Carter helped to negotiate a
peace agreement between Egypt
and Israel known as the Camp
David Accords.
Egypt became the first Arab
nation to officially recognize
the nation of Israel.
In Iran, fundamentalist Islamic clerics led
by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power.
Radical students took over
the U.S. Embassy and held
66 Americans hostage.
President Carter failed to win
all of the hostages’ release–
evidence to some that his
foreign policy was not tough
enough.
The hostage crisis showed that the Soviet Union was no
longer the only threat to America.
Conflicts in the
Middle East
threatened to become
the greatest foreign
policy challenge for
the United States.
Chapter 19.3
The End of the
Cold War
United States History
Ms. Girbal
Wednesday, June 3, 2015
Objectives
•
Analyze the ways that Ronald Reagan challenged
communism and the Soviet Union.
•
Explain why communism collapsed in Europe and
in the Soviet Union.
•
Describe other foreign policy challenges that
faced the United States in the 1980s.
President Reagan believed that communism could be
weakened by building up the U.S. military (largest
peacetime military buildup in its history).
The military build-up
included the Strategic
Defense Initiative.
This led to a dramatic
increase in defense
spending.
Some called this mission
“Star Wars” as they saw it
as unrealistic.
The Reagan administration supported many
anticommunist groups around the world.
•
Afghanistan
•
El Salvador
•
•
Grenada
Contras in
Nicaragua
Reagan called the Soviet Union an “evil empire”
during his first term in office.
Mikhail Gorbachev became the President of the Soviet
Union in 1985.
His twin policies of glasnost and
perestroika moved the Soviet Union
away from socialism and marked the
beginning of a new era in
U.S.–Soviet relations.
In 1989, several Eastern European
nations ousted their communist regimes.
The fall of the Berlin Wall
in Germany symbolized the
end of communism in Europe.
The Soviet Union broke apart in 1991.
Newly elected President
George H.W. Bush signed
agreements with Gorbachev,
and his successor President
Boris Yeltsin.
They pledged friendship and
cooperation and reduction in
the buildup of nuclear
weapons.
The Cold War, which had lasted more than
45 years, was finally over.
But the U.S. continued to confront trouble in the Middle
East.
In 1983, 241 American Marines were killed in Lebanon.
The U.S. clashed with Libya throughout the 1980s.
The Iran-Contra affair damaged Reagan’s reputation during his
second term.
In 1985, the
U.S. sold
weapons to
Iran.
In return, Iran
pressured
Lebanese terror
groups to release
some American
hostages.
The U.S used
the money from
gun sales to
secretly fund
the Contras in
Nicaragua.
But Congress banned sending funds to the Contras in 1983.
Several leading Reagan officials were convicted in this scandal, but
Reagan remained popular when he left office.