Transcript The Early Cold War - G School of AP US History

The Early
Cold War:
1947-1960
YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR,
CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO
DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF EUROPE
AFTER THE WAR.
UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST
TIME, 1945
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
[George Kennan]
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The Division of Germany and the
city of Berlin
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]
•
•
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•
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Civil War in Greece.
Turkey under pressure
from the USSR for
concessions in the
Dardanelles.
The U. S. should support
free peoples throughout
the world who were
resisting takeovers by
armed minorities or
outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples
to work out their own
destinies in their own way.
Containment
The U.S. gave Greece &
Turkey $400 million in aid.
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY
FACED COMMUNIST
REVOLTS IN 1947 AND
ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO
DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM
COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
FIGHTING AGAINST
COMMUNISTS IN
GREECE
"I'M SICK OF
BABYING THE
SOVIETS."
PRESIDENT TRUMAN WROTE THIS ON JAN. 5,
1946 TO SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES.
HE WAS UPSET THAT THE USSR WAS TAKING
OVER EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS AND
IMPOSING COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.
EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE
USSR AFTER WW II
YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].
HOW EUROPE WAS TO BE
RECONSTRUCTED UNDER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
MODERNIZE THEIR INDUSTRY
CREATION OF SOUND CURRENCIES AND
NATIONAL BUDGETS
INCREASED ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AMONG EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION ESPECIALLY
IN AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY INDUSTRY
IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
GERMAN CITY OF
HAMBURG IN 1947
DESTROYED BEFORE
THE MARSHALL PLAN
EFFECTS OF
THE
MARSHALL
PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952,
REBUILT AFTER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
THE MARSHALL PLAN IS A MAJOR
FACTOR IN WESTERN EUROPE’S
RECOVERY FROM THE
DEVASTATION OF WW II
Post-War Germany
1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO
GERMAN NATIONS COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND
WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY WAS RULED BY
THE USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS
INDEPENDENT.
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
The Berlin Blockade and Airlift
ON JUNE 23RD 1948 THE USSR IMPOSED A COMPLETE
BLOCKADE ON RAILWAY, ROAD AND CANAL TRAFFIC LEADING
TO WEST BERLIN FROM THE ALLIED GERMAN ZONE. NO
SUPPLIES OF ANY TYPE, INCLUDING FOOD, FUEL AND
CONSUMER GOODS, WERE ALLOWED TO ENTER WEST BERLIN.
STALIN WANTED TO STARVE THE CITY INTO SUBMISSION.
THIS WAS DONE FOR One REASON:
•STALIN'S DESIRE TO CONTROL ALL OF BERLIN
PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED THAT
THE USA WAS GOING TO HOLD ON TO
WEST BERLIN AND HE CHOSE AN
AIRLIFT FROM THE OPTIONS
PRESENTED HIM. THE AIRLIFT WOULD
BE USED FOR KEEPING THE CITY
SUPPLIED WITH FOOD, FUEL AND
CONSUMER GOODS.
BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949
EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS
FLOWN IN BY FLEETS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH
CARGO PLANES
LOADING BAGS OF COAL
MAKING SMALL
PARACHUTES TO DROP
CANDY TO BERLIN
CHILDREN
IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS
ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
}
The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
}
Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
PRESIDENT TRUMAN APPROVES THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE HYDROGEN BOMB. THIS NEW TYPE OF NUCLEAR
WEAPON IS AT LEAST 1000 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THEN
THE ATOMIC BOMBS DROPPED ON JAPAN IN 1945.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN
BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN
NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE
USSR EXPLODED ONE IN
1953.
Break for video
NATO:THE NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ORGANIZATION IS
FORMED IN 1949
•IN APRIL 1949, TEN WEST
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA,
SIGN THE WASHINGTON TREATY,
WHICH CREATES THE NORTH
ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION (NATO)
• AN ALLIANCE WHICH BRINGS
TOGETHER FREE AND SOVEREIGN
COUNTRIES IN ORDER TO CREATE
A COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM.
THE PRINCIPAL PURPOSE:"AN
ARMED ATTACK AGAINST ONE OR
MORE OF THEM IN EUROPE OR
NORTH AMERICA SHALL BE
CONSIDERED AN ATTACK
AGAINST THEM ALL."
NATO'S FIRST SUPREME
ALLIED COMMANDER
EUROPE (SACEUR),
GENERAL DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER,
DECEMBER 1950
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)-created by Soviets to
counter NATO
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Rumania
OCTOBER 1ST 1949 THE COMMUNISTS
WON THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR AND
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS
ESTABLISHED WITH THE USSR AS ITS
MAIN ALLY. IN THE US “LOSING
CHINA” BECOMES A POLITICAL ISSUE.
MAO ZEDONG,
COMMUNIST
LEADER OF CHINA
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd Communist }
Power!
IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT
COMMUNIST POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET
PACT. THIS CREATED A BILATERAL DEFENSE
COMMITMENT AND SETTLED BOUNDARY ISSUES.
THE USSR ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE LIMITED AID
TO CHINA.
NORTH KOREA
ON AUGUST 15TH 1948 THE
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH KOREA
WITH ITS CAPITAL IN SEOUL
IS FOUNDED
SOUTH
KOREA
THE KOREAN WAR
ONE MONTH LATER THE
COMMUNIST NORTH KOREAN
PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC IS FOUNDED WITH
ITS CAPITOL IN PYONGYANG
•DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN BOMB
•KOREAN WAR AND JOHN FOSTER DULLES
MASSIVE RETALIATION POLICY
•FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR ENDS AT DIEN BIEN
PHU WITH A COMMUNIST VICTORY
•GENEVA AGREEMENTS AND THE DIVISION OF
VIETNAM
•WARSAW PACT FORMED
•REVOLT IN COMMUNIST HUNGARY
•SPUTNIK
•CUBA TAKEN OVER BY COMMUNIST FIDEL CASTRO
•KITCHEN DEBATE
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953)
Kim Il-Sung
North Korean
Prez
“Domino Theory”
Syngman Rhee
South Korean
Prez
KOREAN WAR (THE FORGOTTEN
WAR): JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953
THE UN SENT TROOPS
TO FIGHT THE NORTH
KOREAN FORCES BUT
THE BULK OF THE
SOLDIERS CAME FROM
THE US
NORTH
KOREA
38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING
LINE BETWEEN NORTH AN
SOUTH KOREA
SOUTH
KOREA
THE
COMMUNIST
NORTH
KOREANS
PUSHED THE
SOUTH
KOREAN AND
UNPREPARED
US ARMIES
ALL THE WAY
TO PUSAN IN
THE SOUTH
WHERE THEY
WERE
FINALLY
STOPPED BY
US
FIREPOWER.
GENERAL DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN
OVERALL COMMAND OF
UNITED NATIONS FORCES
MACARTHUR MADE A
BRILLIANT INVASION AT
INCHON WHICH THREATENED
TO TRAP ALL THE NORTH
KOREAN FORCES FIGHTING
NEAR THE PUSAN PERIMETER
UN TROOPS
ADVANCED
RAPIDLY AND
ENTERED
NORTH KOREA
IN PURSUIT
OF FLEEING
ENEMY
ARMIES. ON
OCTOBER 19,
1950 CHINESE
COMMUNISTS
TROOPS
INVADED
NORTH KOREA
AND PUSHED
THE UN
ARMIES BACK
SOUTH OF
THE 38TH
PARALLEL.
THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE
RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.
FORMER GENERAL
DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER WAS
ELECTED PRESIDENT IN
NOVEMBER 1952 WITH
A PLEDGE TO GO TO
KOREA AND END THE
WAR.
IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE
COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION
DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE
NEGOIATIONS TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.
ON JULY 27TH 1953,
AFTER THREE YEARS
OF FIGHTING, AN
ARMISTICE WAS
SIGNED ENDING THE
KOREAN WAR. KOREA
REMAINED DIVIDED
AT THE 38TH
PARALLEL.
An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
IN 1957 A NEW WORD ENTERED THE WORLD’S
VOCABULARY: ICBM, SHORT FOR
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES.
THESE WERE NUCLEAR BOMB CARRYING
MISSILES WITH RANGES OF OVER FIVE
THOUSAND MILES. NO PLACE ON EARTH WAS
SAFE FROM NUCLEAR DESTRUCTION.
FIRST US
ATLAS ICBM
USSR WAS THE
FIRST TO
SUCCESSFULLY
LAUNCH AN ICBM
Sputnik (1957)
•October 4th 1957 the space age begins as Russia
launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to
orbit the earth.
•Americans were shocked that the soviets were the
first into space
•The Russians have beaten America in space—they
had the technological edge!
THE US DID NOT GET A
SATELLITE INTO ORBIT
UNTIL JANUARY OF 1958
AFTER SEVERAL
EMBARRASSING FAILURES.
THE SPACE RACE WAS ON.