Transcript Arab - Israeli Conflict

Arab-Israeli
Conflict
 Palestinian/Arab Nationalism vs.
Jewish Nationalism (#1)
Sovereignty: right to self government
Israel and Palestine The Roots of Conflict video 22 mins
One More from 5 minutes from Daily Conversation
Crash Course
Obama
Zionism: the
movement to
create a
Jewish nation
in Palestine #2
Palestinian
nationalism grew
with general Arab
nationalism in the
Ottoman Empire
and with the end of
WWI #3
Nationalism and
Anti-Semitism in
Europe
stimulated ideas
for a Jewish
nation #4
Anti-Semitism
 policies, views, or actions that
harm or discriminate against
Jews
 Hatred of Jews #5
Zionism
 GOALS:
The spiritual and
political renewal of
the Jewish people
in its ancestral
homeland of
Palestine.
 Freedom from
Western anti-Semitism.
Theodore Herzl
1860-1904
1897: Theodore
Herzl founded the
World Zionist
Organization
(WZO) #2
Theodore
Herzl
The Zionists
encouraged
Jewish
settlement in
Palestine #3&4
The Zionist
threat helped
define
Palestinian as
separate
nationalists
Despite much
Arab opposition,
most of the land
was purchased
from Arab owners
Palestine:
British
mandate after
WWI #3
British Promise to the Jews:
Balfour Declaration, 1917
His Majesty’s Government views
with favor the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the
Jewish people and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the
achievement of this object, it being
clearly understood that nothing shall
be done which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing
non-Jewish communities in
Palestine…
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
Jews & Arabs in Palestine,
1920
×
In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.
×
By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they were
loosing control of their “country!”
1917: The
Balfour
Declaration:
-supported the creation of a Jewish
homeland
-leads to more Jews move to Palestine
#4 & 6
Hatred and
distrust grew
between Arabs
and Jews under
British control
Palestine Arab Revolt:
1936-1939
Their Goals:
 An end to Jewish
immigration to Palestine.
 An end to the transfer
of lands to Jewish
owners.
 A new “general
representative
government.”
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,
Haj Amin al-Hussani, with
Adolf Hitler.
The 1936-1939
Arab
Palestinian
Revolt was a
turning point.
Haganah, a
defense force,
was formed
against Arab
violence.
By 1936 it
had 40,000
troops
Britain, caught
between Arabs
and Jews,
restricted
immigration.
The Holocaust
united Jews (esp.
the U.S.) for the idea
of a Jewish state
and WWII weakened
the British. #4
1946: Irgun
bombed the King
David Hotel, the
British military
headquarters.
90
people
were
killed
The British
decided to leave
and turn over the
problem to the
U.N.
The U.N. Partition
Plan 1947
Palestine divided
between the Jews and
the Arabs; Jerusalem
internationalized #7
The Jews
accepted the
partition.
#7
1948: David
Ben-Gurion
announced
Israel’s
independence
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
Chaim
Weizmann,
1st President
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
The Arabs
rejected the
partition. Egypt,
Lebanon, Jordan,
Syria, and Iraq
attacked.#7
1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red.)
From Lebanon and Syria
From
Transjordan
and Iraq
From Egypt
War for Israeli
Independence
1948
Israel defeated
Arabs
#8
Israel became
a multi-party
parliamentary
democracy.
#8
II. Effects of creation of Israel
Palestinians became refugees in other countries
throughout the middle east.
Map of Palestinian Refugees
Ben-Gurion
became
Israel’s first
prime minister.
Three More Wars
 War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and
reprisals between the Arabs and Israel,
and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led
to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula.
Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to
the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the
United Nations.
 Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt
after the Suez canal was nationalized and
Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula for a
short time
9a
 Six Day War (1967 War):
Israel captured Sinai
Peninsula, Golan
Heights, the West Bank,
the Old City of Jerusalem
(which Israel later
annexed), and Gaza. The
war ended by a U.N.arranged cease-fire. The
United States called on the
Israelis to withdraw from
occupied territories but did
not specify how much land
it should give up. #9b
 Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt
and Syria launched a joint attack
on Israel on the Jewish holy day,
Yom Kippur, to regain lost
territory. Caught off-guard, Israel
took several days to mobilize,
suffering heavy casualties, but it
forced the opposition back.
Establishes Israel as the
dominant military power in the
region 9c
1958-1960
Yasser Arafat
founded Fatah: The
Palestinian
National Liberation
Movement took
control of PLO
1964:
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization (PLO)
is founded.
#10
1970
1974
2004:
Arafat
Died
Mahmoud
Abbas became
the next leader
of the PLO #10
Camp David Accords
1979
 U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime
Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first
peace treaty between Israel and an Arab
nation. It formally ended the state of war that
had existed between them for 30 years. In
return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to
exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The
two nations also formally established
diplomatic relations. #11
Sadat Assassinated 1981
Intifada (1987)
 mass uprisings by the Palestinians in
territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)
 the shaking
 Causes:
 Palestinians were angered by years of
Israeli military rule #12a
First Intifadah, 1987-1993
 In 1987, Palestinians became
frustrated with their living
conditions and lack of
progress.
 “They maintain that the Intifada
was a protest of Israel's brutal
repression which included
extra-judicial killings, mass
detentions, house demolitions,
indiscriminate torture,
deportations, and so on.”
 Often Palestinians fought the
Israelis with low tech weapons
like rocks, but over time, they
gained access to guns and
other explosives.
 By 1993, 1,162 Palestinians
and 160 Israelis had died.
Oslo Accords 1993
 Secret negotiations between Israel
and the PLO resulted in a treaty that
included mutual recognition, limited
self-rule for Palestinians
 Arafat and Israeli Prime
Minister Yitzhak Rabin
agreed to work towards a
Palestinian state #13
Arafat and
Rabin were
awarded the
Nobel Peace
Prize #13
The Palestinian
Authority (PA) was
created with
autonomy over the
West Bank and
Gaza (#13)
Rabin Clinton Arafat 1993
Olso Accords considered greatest hope
for peace
#13
#14
Israel and Jordan Sign a
Peace Treaty 1994
 Jordan became the second Arab country
to recognize Israel
 Trade, business relations, tourism,
cultural exchanges, and scientific
cooperation between the two nations
have increased
 but at a slower pace than hoped for
initially.
Intifada (2000)
 mass uprisings by the Palestinians in
territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)
 the shaking
 Causes:
 Palestinians were angered by years of
Israeli military rule
 Failed Camp David Summit & Ariel Sharon’s
visit to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif
the holiest Islamic site in Jerusalem #12b
Camp David Summit 2000
 Camp David II
 unsuccessful Middle East Peace Summit
in 2000
 took place between:
 United States President Bill Clinton
 Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and
 the Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat
in which
 Israel was willing to give up most of the
occupied territory #15
Israel Begins Constructing
a Security Barrier 2002
 build to separate its citizens from terrorist
groups in the West
 effective in dramatically reducing the
number of suicide bombings in Israel
 It has been criticized for dividing some
Palestinians from their land and places of
work or study and requiring these
individuals to wait to pass through
security checkpoints.
“Road Map” to
Peace 2003
 A plan developed by the European
Union, Russia, UN, and United
States and presented to the
Palestinian Authority and the Israeli
government. A three phase peace
process that culminates with the
creation of a Palestinian state. #17
Road Map to Peace
 the plan called for a three
phase peace process that
culminates with the
creation of a Palestinian
state
2005: Israel
removes all Jewish
settlers from Gaza
(occupied territory)
Hamas
 Hamas is the largest and most
influential Palestinian militant
movement.
 Social services and Terrorist
faction
 In January 2006, the group won the Palestinian
Authority's (PA) general legislative elections, defeating
Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud
Abbas, and setting the stage for a power struggle.
Since attaining power, Hamas has continued its refusal
to recognize the state of Israel, leading to crippling
economic sanctions
#16
In 2006 Fatah lost
elections for the
PA to the Islamic
fundamentalist
party Hamas
2007:
Hamas
wins
election
and
control
Gaza.
Fatah and
Hamas forces
began fighting
Abbas dismissed
the Hamas
government and
currently rules by
decree
Annapolis Conference
2007 – Two-State Solution
 The two-state solution to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict is the consensus
solution that is currently under discussion by
the key parties to the conflict, most recently
at the Annapolis Conference in November
2007. The proposal is supported by many
international figures and agencies.
 establishment of an independent Palestinian
state alongside Israel
#18
Possible return to pre-1967 Borders
Upgraded U.N. status
 The United Nations General Assembly in
November 2012 endorsed an upgraded U.N.
status for the Palestinian Authority, despite intense
opposition from the United States and Israel.
 The resolution elevates their status from "nonmember observer entity" to "non-member observer
state," the same category as the Vatican, which
Palestinians hope will provide new leverage in their
dealings with Israel
 Israel states the move largely ignores the specifics
of longstanding issues, such as settlements in
disputed lands, and cannot substitute for direct
negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.
Today’s Players
 Israeli Prime Minister
 Benjamin Netanyahu
President of the State
of Palestine - Fatah
Remaining Issues to
Peace #19
 Control of Jerusalem
 Palestinian Statehood (West Bank &
Gaza - Borders?)
 Palestinian Refugees Right to return
 Jewish Settlements in the West
Bank
 Security of Israel - Terrorism
 UpFront Video from World Affair 2015 – Borders and Barriers
 http://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/10_27_14/