Transcript Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 16: Expanding West (xxxx

Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 16: Expanding West
(1790-1850)
16.1 The Spanish West and Southwest
Objectives:
• Examine how society was
structured in Spanish California,
New Mexico, and Texas.
• Identify the events leading to the
establishment of the republic of
Mexico.
• Describe how the Mexican war
for independence affected
California and Texas.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2
I. Life in Northern New Spain
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3
I. Life in Northern New Spain
A. New Spain’s northern frontier
consisted of California, New
Mexico, and Texas.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4
Source: http://www.pentaclespress.com/anasazi_quest_map.jpg
B. New Mexico
1. Oldest and most important of
the three provinces; had its
capital at Santa Fe
2. By mid-1700s, Spanish settlers
lived in small villages scattered
across the region.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 6
Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/national_parks/santa_fe_trail94.jpg
B. New Mexico
3. Pueblo Indians introduced the
Spanish to southwestern foods
and the use of the adobe as a
building material.
4. Spanish settlers brought new
foods and tools to the Pueblo
communities.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 8
Source: http://www.kathleenwelker.com/SouthWest/Pueblo%20Village%20Women%26%20Dog.jpg
C. California
1. Catholic missions were the
center of life in colonial
California.
2. Between 1769 and 1823, the
Spanish built a string of 21
missions along the California
coast; Spanish military forts
called presidios guarded the
missions.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 10
Layout of Mission San Juan
Capistrano. This was the
7th Mission when it was
founded by Father Serra in
1776.
Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/3615/map.shtml
Artist’s rendition of 1790s Presidio
Source: http://www.nps.gov/prsf/coast_defense/spanish/images/spanpres.jpg
C. California
3. American Indians lived at the
missions and performed most
of the labor, such as farming
and ranching the vast mission
lands.
4. Crowded living conditions at
the missions led to outbreaks
of disease, which killed tens of
thousands of mission Indians
over the years.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13
C. California
5. In 1821 California had only
some 3,200 Spanish colonists,
called Californios.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14
II. Early Texas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15
II. Early Texas
A. The Spanish mission system in
Texas was weaker than that in
California.
1. Texas had up to 40 missions
but they were far apart from
each other.
2. Few Spaniards moved to Texas
during the early 1700s, in part
because of fear of attack from
local American Indians, such as
the Apache and the Comanche.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 16
B. Life in Spanish Texas
1. The Spanish government
offered land grants to lure
settlers to Texas.
2. Only a few thousand Spanish
settlers, called Tejanos, lived
there by mid-1700s.
3. Tejanos introduced cattleranching to the region.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17
José de Escandón Festivities - Nov. 14, 1998 - Alice, Texas
Los Tejanos from the 1830s
Source: http://el-mesteno.com/archives/escandon_photos/tejanos.JPG
III. Mexico Gains Independence
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19
A. Revolt
1. In 1810 poor American Indians
and mestizos revolted.
2. Revolt was led by Father Miguel
Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican
priest.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/hidalgo.htm
A. Revolt
3. Reforms included ending
enslavement and unfair
taxation of American Indians.
4. In 1811 the Spanish defeated
the rebels and executed Father
Hidalgo.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 22
Hidalgo executed on July 30, 1811
Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/hidalgo.htm
B. Victory
1. Other individuals continued the
revolution and Hidalgo’s
reforms.
2. In 1821 Agustín de Iturbide led
the rebels to victory.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/iturbide-1.jpg
B. Victory
3. Mexico became a nation
independent from Spain.
4. The Constitution of 1824 made
Mexico a republic.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26
Source: http://www.foundus.com/special/room304/images/1800map.jpg
IV. Changes in California and Texas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 28
A. California
1. In 1833 Mexico ended the
mission system and gave the
lands to Californios.
2. A group of some 500 Californio
families created large ranchos,
or ranches, worked mainly by
American Indians.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29
B. Texas
1. During the war, many Tejanos
fled or were killed; by 1821 only
about 2,500 Tejanos remained,
most on scattered ranches and
in a few towns.
2. Officials decided to recruit
more settlers to prevent
intrusion or attack.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 30
16.2 Texas Gains Independence
Objectives:
• Identify the reason why many
U.S. settlers in Texas rebelled
against the Mexican government.
• Analyze the most important
events of the Texas Revolution.
• Explain the result of the Texas
Revolution.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31
I. American Settlers in Texas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 32
A. Attracting Settlers
1. Mexico hired empresarios, or
agents, to bring settlers to
Texas.
2. Empresarios received land in
exchange for bringing groups
of settlers.
3. In 1821 Stephen F. Austin
founded a colony of some 300
American families.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33
Stephen F. Austin
(1793-1836)
Source: http://www.lsjunction.com/people/austin.htm
B. The Settlers
1. By 1834 more than 20,000
Americans had moved to
Mexican Texas.
2. Most of these settlers came
from the southern United
States.
3. Lured by the promise of cheap
or free land grants from the
government
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 35
II. Trouble in Texas
Source: http://digital.zayas.ws/Hispano/Texas/DeTexas/longhorn.jpg
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36
A. Requirements for Foreign Immigrants
1. Had to become Mexican
citizens and obey Mexican laws
2. Had to support the Roman
Catholic Church
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37
B. Sources of Tension
1. Many Americans did not adapt
to Mexican culture and ignored
Mexican laws.
2. Some American settlers came
illegally and felt little loyalty to
Mexico.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 38
Source: http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/
B. Sources of Tension
3. Mexican officials worried that
they might lose control of
Texas.
4. Some American settlers and
Tejanos thought they were
unfairly represented in the
Mexican government.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 40
C. The Mexican Government
1. Began enforcing its laws more
strictly in Texas
2. Limited American immigration
to Texas, tried to keep settlers
from bringing in slaves, raised
tariffs on American goods, and
sent more soldiers to Texas
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41
Third Flag of the Republic - 1846
Source: http://digital.zayas.ws/Hispano/Texas/DeTexas/texans.htm
C. The Mexican Government
3. Jailed Stephen F. Austin, who
had traveled to Mexico to
request more self-government
for Texans
4. In 1834 General Antonio López
de Santa Anna, who had been
elected president of Mexico,
suspended Mexico’s republican
constitution.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43
III. The Texas Revolution Begins
General Antonio López de Santa Anna
http://www.roebuckclasses.com/201/images/santa-anna-1.jpg
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 44
III. The Texas Revolution Begins
A. The Texas Revolution began in
the town of Gonzalez in
October 1835.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45
The Gonzales Flag - 1835
Source: http://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.html
III. The Texas Revolution Begins
B. A group of Texans formed a
temporary government with the
goal of defeating Santa Anna
and restoring Mexico’s
suspended Constitution of
1824.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 47
C. The Alamo
1. A force of 189 Texas volunteers
defended the Alamo, an old mission
in San Antonio, against 1,800
Mexican troops led by Santa Anna.
2. In March 1836, after a 13-day siege,
Mexican forces attacked and killed
all the Alamo defenders; Santa
Anna spared a few Texans not
involved in the fighting.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48
The Alamo: San Antonio, Texas
Source: http://www.northupfamily.com/Joannas.html
III. The Texas Revolution Begins
D. At the Battle of Goliad,
outnumbered Texas forces
surrendered, after which Santa
Anna had almost all of them
executed.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 50
IV. Texas Becomes a Republic
The Alamo Flag - 1835-1836
Source: http://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.html
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51
IV. Texas Becomes a Republic
A. Texas delegates declared
independence four days before
the Battle of the Alamo.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52
IV. Texas Becomes a Republic
B. On April 21, 1836, the Texas
army, under the command of
Sam Houston, surprised and
defeated Santa Anna’s army at
the Battle of San Jacinto.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 53
Sam Houston, "The Raven"
Born in Virginia. 1793-1863
Lawyer, elected to Congress in 1823 and 1825.
Elected Governor of Tennessee in 1827.
Source: http://www.hellohouston.com/Houston/images/Sam%20Houston%20c1850med.jpg
Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/san_jacinto_battle_1836.jpg
IV. Texas Becomes a Republic
C. Texans captured Santa Anna
and forced him to give Texas its
independence.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56
Market on
site of
Santa
Anna’s
capture
Source: http://www.earlytexashistory.com/Pasadena/sacapture.jpg
16.3 The Lone Star Republic
Objectives:
• Identify the difficulties American
Indians and Tejanos faced in the
Republic of Texas.
• Explain what drew new immigrants to
Texas.
• Describe the economic and foreign
challenges that faced the Texas
government.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58
I. Texas Faces the World
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59
A. The independent nation of Texas
was called the Republic of Texas.
1. Voters elected Sam Houston
as the first president.
2. Mirabeau Lamar served as the
first vice president.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60
Source: http://www.cah.utexas.edu/exhibits/Pena/images/Houston_Large.jpg
Source: http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/images/mlamar.jpg
B. The United States
1. In 1837 Texas asked the United
States to annex, or take control
of, Texas.
2. Most Texans hoped their nation
would become a U.S. state.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63
Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/texas-maps.htm
B. The United States
3. U.S. President Andrew Jackson
worried that annexing Texas
would upset the Union’s
balance between free and slave
states and might start a war
with Mexico.
4. As a result, Jackson rejected
annexation, but recognized
Texas independence.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65
C. Other Nations
1. France and Great Britain also
recognized the Texas
government.
2. Mexico refused to recognize
Texas as an independent
nation.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66
II. American Indians and Tejanos
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67
II. American Indians and Tejanos
A. As president, Sam Houston
supported a policy of peace
with American Indians.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68
II. American Indians and Tejanos
B. Mirabeau B. Lamar, who
became Texas president in
1838, wanted American Indians
to leave their homelands in
Texas and threatened them with
military force.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 69
II. American Indians and Tejanos
C. By the 1840s, Texans had
forced most American Indians
from their eastern lands.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70
II. American Indians and Tejanos
D. Tejanos in the Republic lost
land, political power, and
property.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71
III. New Immigrants
A. In 1836 the Texas population
was about 52,700.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72
B. Immigrants
1. Texas offered free land grants
to Americans and Europeans.
2. Some 10,000 people came to
Texas from 1836 to 1847.
3. U.S. settlers from southern
states made up the largest
group of immigrants.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 73
C. African Americans
1. The Texas Constitution of 1836
legalized slavery in Texas.
2. The number of slaves rose from
some 5,000 in 1836 to almost
70,000 by 1845.
3. Fewer than 400 free African
Americans lived in Texas by
1850.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 75
Source: http://docsouth.unc.edu/texconst/texascv.jpg
III. New Immigrants
D. Germans made up the largest
group of European immigrants
to Texas.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 78
IV. Struggles of the Republic
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79
IV. Struggles of the Republic
A. The Republic of Texas had a
small, scattered population and
few large cities.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 80
B. Economy
1. Based largely on farming and
ranching, with very little
industry
2. The Texas government had little
cash, and the nation’s debt rose
dramatically.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81
C. Defense
1. With little money, Texas had
trouble defending its territory.
2. Houston disbanded the army;
relied on the state militia and
the Texas Rangers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 82
Source: http://www.rootsweb.com/~txbowie/pics/TexasRangers2.JPG
C. Defense
3. Lamar authorized an attack on
Mexican territory in 1841, but
the attack failed.
4. Texas and Mexico signed a
peace treaty in 1844.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84
16.4 Oregon and the Far West
Objectives:
• Identify the reasons Americans first
traveled to the Rocky Mountains and
farther west.
• Explain why Americans decided to
settle in Oregon Country.
• Describe what life was like on the
Oregon Trail.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85
I. The Fur Traders
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 86
A. A Market for Furs
1. Mountain men – fur traders and
trappers who traveled to the Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific
Northwest
2. Eastern businesses hired mountain
men to supply furs used to make
hats and clothing.
3. John Jacob Astor – owner of the
American Fur Company, one of the
largest businesses that bought furs
from trappers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87
B. The Mountain Men
1. Lived lonely and often
dangerous lives
2. Adopted American Indian
customs and clothing
3. Often married American Indian
women
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 89
I. The Fur Traders
C. Rendezvous – yearly meeting of
fur traders, which was marked
by storytelling and celebrations
in addition to business
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90
D. Decline of American Fur Trading
1. By the 1840s demand for furs
declined as fashions changed.
2. Settlers gradually replaced the
mountain men on the frontier.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 91
II. Oregon Country
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92
II. Oregon Country
A. Astoria, a small outpost at the
mouth of the Columbia River,
was one of the first American
settlements in the region later
called Oregon Country.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93
II. Oregon Country
B. In the early 1800s Oregon
Country was occupied by
American Indians. Great
Britain, Russia, Spain, and the
United States also claimed the
region.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95
II. Oregon Country
C. In 1818 Great Britain and the
United States agreed to jointly
occupy Oregon Country. Spain
gave up its claims in 1819, and
Russia did the same in 1824.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97
II. Oregon Country
D. Few British or Canadians
settled in the Pacific Northwest,
but American settlers began
arriving in growing numbers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 98
III. The Missionary Spirit
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 99
III. The Missionary Spirit
A. Missionaries were among the
first Americans to settle in
Oregon Country.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 100
B. The Whitmans
1. Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
settled in Oregon Country in 1836.
2. Worked to convert the local Cayuse
Indians to Christianity, with limited
success.
3. After some settlers introduced
diseases that killed many Cayuse
children, a group of angry Cayuse
killed the Whitmans and some other
settlers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 101
IV. A New Life Out West
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 102
IV. A New Life Out West
A. People moved to Oregon
Country, mostly to Willamette
Valley, to seek land and
opportunity, especially after the
economic hardships of the
Panic of 1837.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 103
IV. A New Life Out West
B. The rising number of American
settlers led to more conflict
with local American Indians and
to more tension with Great
Britain over control of the
region.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 104
V. The Oregon Trail
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 106
A. A Route West
1. Oregon Trail – route settlers
took to Oregon Country and
other western areas
2. Trail ran more than 2,000 miles
across the Great Plains and
Rocky Mountains.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 107
B. The Journey
1. Took about six months and cost
a family of four about $600 in
supplies
2. Settlers made the journey in
wagon trains and faced
shortages of food and water.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 109
C. American Indians on the Oregon
Trail
1. Often aided travelers by acting
as guides or trading food for
goods
2. Rarely attacked settlers,
despite newspaper accounts to
the contrary
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 110
16.5 California and the Southwest
Objectives:
• Identify the reasons Americans
started traveling to California in the
early 1800s.
• Explain why American merchants
established a new route to New
Mexico.
• Describe the types of images frontier
artists painted.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 111
I. Going to California
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 112
A. The California Trail
1. The Oregon Trail split at the
Snake River in present-day
Idaho; and the southern route,
which went to California,
became known as the California
Trail.
2. The California Trail passed
through the Sierra Nevada
mountain range.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 113
The Snake River
Source: http://members.aol.com/DanMRosen/donner/California.jpg
B. The Donner Party
1. Group of travelers that headed
west to California in the spring
of 1846
2. Tried to take a shortcut and
became lost
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 116
B. The Donner Party
3. Became trapped by heavy
snows in the Sierra Nevada
4. A rescue party found the
starving and freezing group in
February 1847.
5. Of the original 87 travelers in
the party, 42 had died.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 117
C. Trade
1. California became a place for
merchants from Mexico and the
United States to meet and
conduct business.
2. Mexican merchants sought
manufactured goods from the
United States.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 118
C. Trade
3. American merchants sought
gold and silver coins,
cowhides, and tallow.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 119
D. Population
1. Mexicans and American Indians
made up most of California’s
population.
2. Mexican officials did not want many
Americans to settle in California.
3. In 1839, however, officials did let
Swiss immigrant John Sutter start a
colony, known as Sutter’s Fort, near
the Sacramento River.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 120
Sutter’s Fort
II. Other Southwestern Trails
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 122
II. Other Southwestern Trails
A. Most other major trails were
trade routes rather than routes
used by settlers.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 123
B. The Santa Fe Trail
1. Ran from Independence,
Missouri, to Santa Fe, New
Mexico
2. American merchants
transported manufactured
goods along the trail to Santa
Fe, where they traded with
Mexican merchants for horses,
mules, and silver.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 124
B. The Santa Fe Trail
3. Was a long, difficult, and
dangerous route across the
desert and mountains
4. The U.S. government provided
troops and money to protect
wagon trains and to prevent
American Indian attacks.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 125
Santa Fe Trail
II. Other Southwestern Trails
C. The Old Spanish Trail began in
Santa Fe and ran to Southern
California.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 127
III. Frontier Artists
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 128
A. George Catlin
1. Gave up a career as a portrait artist
and headed west
2. Painted more than 500 images of
American Indians
3. Was popular in the East, where
thousands of people visited his art
shows
4. Also displayed American Indian
clothing and gave talks at this
shows
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 129
B. Other Artists
1. Alfred Jacob Miller painted
western landscapes and
images of mountain men.
2. John Mix Stanley and Seth
Eastman painted American
Indians and the West.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 130
B. Other Artists
3. Some western frontier artists
exaggerated things in their
paintings.
4. Western artists shaped the
ideas of people in the eastern
United States and in Europe
about the American West.
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 131