Transcript PPT
The Articles of Confederation (96) Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any TWO of the following: Foreign relations Economic conditions Western lands Confederation Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. Article III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever. Structure Unicameral, no separate executive or judiciary Congress forced to be both bureaucracy (later Depts. War, Finance (Treasury), Foreign Affairs (State), Post Office Single vote per state, equal representation 9/13 for regular bills 13/13 for ratification and amendments “Landless” States ad hoc gov’t until 1781 Powers Ext. limited: no army (Shays’), no tax (massive debt), no regulate commerce (tariff wars btwn States) Debtor relief laws GW: “"little more than the shadow without the substance." However: did successfully fight AR; reduced domestic debt (but increased international); kept Union together; Jay-Gardoqui Treaty gave Miss.R to Spain but opened Spanish colonies for trade (good for NE, bad S and W) Compromises with Death: The US Constitution What evidence is there for the assertion that the basic principles of the Constitution were firmly grounded in the political and religious experience of America’s colonial and revolutionary periods? Between 1783 and 1800, the new government of the United States faced the same political, economic , and constitutional issues that troubled the British government’s relations with the colonies prior to the Revolution. Assess the validity of this generalization. I. VA Plan (Large States) NJ Plan (Small States) Conn. Comp. “A Bundle of Compromises” A. Plans Structure Representation New Powers 3 Branches, Bicameral 3 Branches, Pop. or $ paid to gov. Extensive Equal rep. Limited tax and regulation H: Population S: Equal Extensive: esp. tax, regulate commerce, raise army Unicameral 3 Branches, Bicameral B. 6 Basic Principles 1. Popular sovereignty: power from the people 2. Limited government: Constitution highest law of the land 3. Separation of powers: divide power w/in Federal government (not absolute) Legislative: Congress Executive: President Judicial: Supreme Court 4. Checks and balances: contain tyranny 5. Judicial review: enforcement of Constitution 6. Federalism: divide power State and Federal C. Preamble of the Constitution We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. D. Structure Art 1: Legislature Art 2: Executive Supreme Court and jurisdiction Art 4: Relations with the States Commander-in-chief Art 3: Judiciary Section 8: powers granted (1-8-18: Necessary and Proper); Section 9: powers denied; Section 10: powers denied to the States Guarantee “republican government”; full faith and credit and privileges and immunities national citizenship Art 5: Amendment process Art 6: Debts, Supremacy Clause, no religious test Art 7: Ratification (9/13) II. Compromises with Death William Lloyd Garrison + radical abolitionists Necessity: no slavery, no Constitution A. 3/5 Compromise South: count slaves for representation North: they can’t vote, so they shouldn’t count Compromise: count slaves as 3/5 for population, but also for taxes (they have to pay for it) Effect: South dominates House of years, impact on Electoral College southerners dominate Presidency Jefferson: “Negro President” only wins 1800 election because of disproportionate numbers as a result of 3/5 Other hand: why not 5/5? Women, Indians, noncitizen immigrants in N (growing #) couldn’t vote either; South lost voting power 1-2-3: “Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for Term of Years and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.” B. Commerce Clause North: central government must regulate interstate trade (major problem AofC) South: cannot regulate importation of slaves until 1808 1-9-1: “The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.” C. Runaway Slaves South: must be able to reclaim runaways North: don’t want to be morally implicated in returning slaves Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 4-2-3: “No Person held to Service in Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from Service or Labor, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due.”