Transcript Industrial Revolution

Industrialism: North and South
Economics Develop
UNIT 9
KEY TERMS
1- exported goods, trade product sent to
markets outside a country
2- factory system, method of producing
goods that brought workers and machinery
together in one place
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KEY TERMS
3- laborer, a person who does work that
requires strength rather than skill or
training
4- manufacturing, the making of products by
hand or by machine
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KEY TERMS
5- owner and labor disputes, a disagreement
between the two parties over working
practices
6- protective tariffs, a tax on foreign goods
brought into a country to protect their
interests
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KEY TERMS
7- raw materials, substance in its natural state
which can be manufactured, treated, or
prepared to make it more useful
8- strikes, a work stoppage
9- trade and commerce, the buying and selling of
goods and services
10- Bessemer Process, a process that allowed
the United States to become the top steel
producer
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Vocabulary Words
• Industrial Revolution- a slow process that
completely changed the way in which goods were
produced.
• spinning jenny- a machine that could spin several
threads at once
• capital- money raised for business venture
• capitalists- a person who invests in a business in
order to make a profit
• factory system- method of producing goods that
brought workers and machinery together in one place
• interchangeable parts- identical, machine made
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parts for a tool or instrument
• Lowell Girls- young women who worked in the
Lowell Mills during the Industrial Revolution
• urbanization- process of population’s shifting from
farms to cities
• flat boat- boat with a flat bottom used for transporting
heavy loads on waterways
• turnpike- roads built by private companies who
charged a toll to use it
• Lancaster Turnpike- road built in the 1790s linking
Philadelphia and Lancaster, PA.
• corduroy road- built from lines of logs that looked like
lines of corduroy cloth
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• national road- first federally funded national road
project, begun in 1811
• Clermont- Robert Fulton’s first steamboat launched
on the Hudson River
• Erie Canal- man made waterway opened in 1825
linking Lake Erie and Hudson River
• Era of Good Feelings- a sense of national unity
• sectionalism- loyalty to one’s state or section rather
than to the nation as a whole
• American System- program of economic growth
promoted by Henry Clay
• internal improvements- improvements to roads,
bridges, and canals
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• McCulloch vs. Maryland- 1819 Supreme Court ruled
that states had no right to interfere with federal
institutions within their borders
• Gibbons vs. Ogden- Supreme Court upheld the
power of Federal Government to regulate trade
between states
• Creoles- people born in Latin America to Spanish
parents
• Republic of Colombia- present day Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
• Negro Fort- settlement of escaped African American
slaves in the Spanish colony of Florida
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• Adams-Onis Treaty- transfer of Florida
from Spain to U.S. for 5M dollars
• Monroe Doctrine- U.S. would not
interfere in the affairs of European nations
• intervention- direct involvement
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Major Characteristics of the Era of
Industrialization
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factory system
population shift to cities
inventions
expansion of slavery
slave rebellions
reform movement
immigration
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Scientific discoveries and innovations during
the 19th century led to the increased
immigration and expansion of slavery
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Six Themes of Economic
Development
1- Agricultural Developments
2- Industrial Developments
3- Social Impact
4- Transportation and Communication
5- Government Influences
6- Commercial Developments
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Agricultural Developments
A- crops and livestock
B- sources of both food and clothing
C- Example: leather from cattle provides
shoes as well as meat to eat
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• These issues led up to the establishment
of Plantation System:
- invention of cotton gin
- rich soil and long growing season in South
- Triangle of Trade
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Industrial Developments
A- Factories turn raw materials into useful
products you use
B- Example: factories spin wool into yarn to
produce sweaters
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Social Impact
A- people make a difference in certain
circumstances
B- circumstance makes a difference to
people
C- Example: a new industry creates new
jobs
D- Example: 9-11-2001 changed our
lifestyles
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Transportation and
Communication
A- involves various (different) means of
moving goods and people from one place
B- Example: trains carry goods from coast to
coast
C- involves different methods of delivering
messages
D- Example: pony express once delivered
mail across the West
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Government Influences
A- congress passes laws that regulate
economic developments
B- Example: government grants patents to
inventors
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Commercial Developments
A- trade between nations is vital to a
prosperous economy
B- Example: the U.S., Mexico, and Canada
created NAFTA (North America Free
Trade Agreement)
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1- Rank the five (5) most important products
you use with the most important being
number 1
2- Have one person from the table go and
write your responses on the board.
3- Discuss the lists and note what each one
has in common and any outstanding or
obvious features
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Chronological order of events
• First successful steamboat
• War of 1812
• Erie Canal
• Morse Telegraph invented
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STEAM ENGINE
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Cotton Gin
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Lowell, Mass.
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The Industrial Revolution
• What was the Industrial Revolution, and
how did it take hold in the United States?
• Why was Lowell, Massachusetts, called a
model factory town?
• What was daily life like in early factories?
• What impact did the Industrial Revolution
have on American cities?
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The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution —a long, slow process,
begun in Britain, that completely changed the
way goods were produced
– Gradually machines replaced hand tools.
– New sources of power such as steam replaced
human and animal power.
– The economy began a gradual shift toward
manufacturing.
– Steam power was most responsible for growth
in 1800s
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The Industrial Revolution
– New technology transformed the textile
industry. For example, the spinning jenny,
which could spin several threads at once,
replaced the spinning wheel, which spun one
thread at a time.
– A water-powered loom that could weave cloth
faster replaced older, hand-operated looms.
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The Industrial Revolution
– Instead of working alone in their homes, many
workers went to work where the machinery
was—in large mills near rivers. This new
system of work is called the factory
system.
– Large amounts of capital, or money, were
needed to set up and operate large mills.
Capitalists—people who invest in a business
in order to make a profit—supplied the
money.
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Urbanization
• Process of a population’s shifting from farms to
cities
• All of the following contributed to urbanization:
- more immigrants in cities
- more pollution in major cities
- division of classes
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Industrialization had a direct impact on:
growth of cities
increased immigration
cheaper, better products
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Laissez-Faire
• A government policy modeled after Adam
Smith’s idea of modern economics.
• He claimed individuals should be left to
pursue their own economic self-interest to
benefit all society
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How the Industrial Revolution Came to
the United States
The First American Mill
• Samuel Slater, a skilled mechanic in a British
textile mill, heard that Americans were
offering rewards for British factory plans.
• Slater memorized the design of machines in
the mill. Then he boarded a ship bound for
New York City.
• In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, he built the first
successful textile mill in the United States
powered by water.
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How the Industrial Revolution Came to
the United States
Interchangeable Parts
• Skilled workers made goods by hand. Each
item was slightly different than every other
item.
• Eli Whitney had the idea of having machines
manufacture each part. All parts would be
alike, or interchangeable. Interchangeable
parts would save time and money.
• Whitney demonstrated his idea with muskets,
but the idea of interchangeable parts also
applied to clocks and many other goods.
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Lowell, Massachusetts: A Model
Factory Town
• In Britain, one factory spun thread and another
wove it into cloth. Francis Cabot Lowell had the
idea of combining spinning and weaving under
one roof.
• After Lowell’s death, his partners built an entire
factory town, with streets of small, neat, white
houses.
• The company hired young women from nearby
farms. They came to be called the Lowell girls.
The company built boardinghouses for them and
made rules to protect them.
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Daily Life During the Industrial
Revolution
Child Labor
Boys and girls as young as seven worked in factories. Often,
their wages were needed to help support their family.
Long Hours
Working hours were typically long—12 hours a day, 6 days a
week year round.
Changes in home
life
Now, many family members left the home to earn a living. In
poorer families, women often had to go out to work, but in
middle-class families, women usually stayed home.
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• Direct economic changes in the nation as a
result of the War of 1812:
- increased industrial production
- introduction of the American System
- increased reliance on American manufactured
goods
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Americans Move Westward
• How did settlers travel west in the early
1800s?
• What steps did Americans take to improve
their roads?
• How did steamboats and canals improve
transportation for Americans?
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National Road, Erie Canal, and Railroad
expansion were three factors that
allowed faster access to markets
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How Early Settlers Traveled
Northern trails- from New England, New
York, and Pennsylvania into the
Northwest Territory
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How Early Settlers Traveled
Southern trails- westward from Georgia
and South Carolina to Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana
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How Early Settlers Traveled
Flatboats down the Ohio River- into
Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois
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How Early Settlers Traveled
Wilderness Road- opened by Daniel
Boone; through the Cumberland Gap
into Kentucky
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How Early Settlers Traveled
Great Wagon Road- across Pennsylvania
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Improving American Roads
Turnpikes• Private companies built gravel and stone roads.
The companies collected tolls from travelers. At
points along the road, a pike, or pole, blocked the
road. After the wagon driver paid a toll, the pike
keeper turned the pole aside.
• The best road in the United States was the
Lancaster Turnpike, linking Philadelphia and
Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
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Improving American Roads
Corduroy roads- Roads made of logs.
Looked like corduroy cloth. Made a
very noisy and bumpy ride.
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Improving American Roads
The National Road• Ran from Cumberland, Maryland, to
Wheeling, in western Virginia.
• The first time Congress approved funds
for a national road-building project.
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Steamboats Improved
Transportation
Development of the Steamboat
• John Fitch showed how a steam engine
could power a boat. He opened a ferry
service on the Delaware River, but few
people used it, and he went out of business.
• Robert Fulton launched his own steamboat,
the Clermont, on the Hudson River. It
carried passengers from New York City to
Albany in record time.
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Steamboats Improved
Transportation
• Soon, steamboats were carrying
passengers up and down the Atlantic coast.
• Steamboats carried passengers and goods
on the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri
rivers.
• Henry Shreve designed a flat-bottomed
steamboat for shallow western rivers.
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Canals Improved Transportation
The Erie Canal
• Some New Yorkers had the idea of building
a canal linking the Great Lakes with the
Mohawk and Hudson rivers. The Erie Canal
would let western farmers ship their goods
to New York.
• New York governor DeWitt Clinton
persuaded the state legislature to put up
money for the Erie Canal.
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Canals Improved Transportation
• Work began in 1817 and was finished
in 1825. The cost of shipping goods
dropped to about one tenth of what it
had been and helped make New York
City a commercial center.
• The success of the Erie Canal led
other states to build canals, too.
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Two major reasons that allowed the North to
excel at shipbuilding:
• rugged coastline
• timber
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Unity and Division
• What role did sectionalism play in the
nation during the Era of Good Feelings?
• How did Congress help American industry
after the War of 1812?
• What was Henry Clay’s American
System?
• How did the Supreme Court give more
power to the Federal government?
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The Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe
• A Republican; defeated the Federalist
candidate for President in the election of 1816.
• A popular, easygoing President, he hoped to
create a new sense of national unity. One
newspaper wrote that the United States was
entering an “era of good feelings.”
• When he ran for a second term, no candidate
opposed him.
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Rise of Sectional Interests
Voices for Different Sections of the
Country
Loyalty to one’s state or section rather than
the nation as a whole
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Rise of Sectional Interests
Voices for Different Sections of the
Country
John C. Calhoun—the South
• Supported the War of 1812
• Defended slavery
• Opposed strengthening the power of the
federal government
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Rise of Sectional Interests
Voices for Different Sections of the Country
Daniel Webster—the North
•Opposed the War of 1812 and refused to vote for
taxes to pay for the war.
•Wanted the federal government to take a larger role
in building the nation’s economy
•Thought that slavery was evil
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Rise of Sectional Interests
The south’s geography made it the slowest
region to develop factories.
The plantation system slowed the
industrialization of the South
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Rise of Sectional Interests
Voices for Different Sections of the
Country
Henry Clay—the West
A War Hawk who promoted the War of 1812
Favored a more active role for the central
government in promoting the country’s growth
Urbanization led to the division between classes
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Henry Clay’s American System
A problem
• Sectionalism —loyalty to one’s state or section
rather than to the nation as a whole. Clashes
over the tariff were an example of sectionalism.
• High tariffs prevent consumers from purchasing
products at lower prices
• A southerners view of tariffs was we need low
tariffs so they could freely import needed foreign
products
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Henry Clay’s American System
Henry Clay’s plan
With his American System, Henry Clay wanted to promote
economic growth for all sections.
High tariffs on imports would help northern factories.
Northerners could then buy farm products from the West
and the South.
Use the money from tariffs for internal improvements —
roads, bridges, and canals. Improved transportation would
help western and southern farmers ship goods to market.
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• A major benefit of the Free Enterprise
System in the U.S. was less dependence
on foreign products
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Henry Clay’s American System
The opposition
Southerners already had many rivers so they
opposed paying for roads and canals.
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The Supreme Court Under John
Marshall Strengthens the Power of the
Federal Government
The Case
The Issue
The Decision
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Maryland tried to tax the
Bank of the United States.
The Bank cashier refused to
pay.
The Court ruled that states
had no right to interfere with
federal institutions within
their borders.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The Court ruled that a state
could regulate trade only
within its borders, but only
the federal government had
the power to regulate
interstate commerce, or
trade between different
states.
A New York law tried to
control steamboat travel
between New York and New
Jersey.
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New Nations in the Americas
• How did the Latin American nations win
independence and become republics?
• How did the United States gain Florida
from Spain?
• What was the purpose of the Monroe
Doctrine?
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Latin American Nations Win
Independence
Area
Leaders
What Happened
Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo
José Morelos
Father Hidalgo and Father Morelos led
peasent movements for independence from
Spain. Both were captured and executed by
the Spanish.
Creoles—people born in Latin America to
Spanish parents—began to join the
revolutionary movement. In 1821,
revolutionary forces won control of Mexico.
Republic of Great
Simón Bolívar
Colombia—made up of
present-day
Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Panama
In 1819, Bolívar led an army from Venezuela
into Colombia and defeated Spanish forces
there. He became president of the Republic of
Great Colombia.
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Latin American Nations Win
Independence
Area
Leaders
What Happened
Argentina
José de San
Martín
San Martín led Argentina to freedom in 1816,
then helped Chile, Peru, and Ecuador win
independence.
United Provinces of
Central America—
made up of presentday Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, El Salvador,
Honduras, Guatemala
Brazil
In 1821, peoples of Central America declared
independence from Spain. Two years later,
they formed the United Provinces.
Prince Pedro, son
of the Portuguese
king
Brazilian revolutionaries demanded
independence. Prince Pedro supported them.
He became emperor of the independent
Brazil.
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Latin American Nations Win
Independence
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The United States Gains Florida
Many Americans wanted Florida.
• Southerners worried about the Creek and
Seminole Indians of Florida raiding Georgia
settlements.
• Many enslaved African Americans escaped
to Florida. About 1,000 African Americans
lived in settlement on the Apalachicola
River known as Negro Fort.
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The United States Gains Florida
• In 1818 Andrew Jackson led American
troops into Florida. Spain protested but
was busy with revolutions in Latin
America.
• In the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain
agreed to give Florida to the United
States for $5 million.
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The Monroe Doctrine
The Background
• In 1815, Prussia, France, Russia, and Austria
formed an alliance aimed at crushing any
revolution in Europe. They seemed ready to help
Spain take back its colonies in Latin America.
• Russia claimed lands on the Pacific coast of North
America.
• The British feared their trade would be hurt if
Spain regained control of its former colonies.
Thus, Britain suggested the United States and
Britain issue a joint statement guaranteeing the
freedom of the new nations.
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The Monroe Doctrine
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
• President Monroe acted independently of
Britain. He issued a foreign policy
statement known as the Monroe Doctrine.
• The United States would not interfere in
the affairs of European nations or their
existing colonies.
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The Monroe Doctrine
• At the same time, European nations should not
try to regain control of the newly independent
nations of Latin America.
• The United States would oppose any attempt to
build new colonies in the Americas.
• Several Presidents have called on the Monroe
Doctrine to challenge European intervention, or
direct involvement, in Latin America.
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