Transcript Turn of the Century and Becoming a World Power with highlights

Turn of the Century
Rural Life Changes
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During the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, new
machines changed the lives of people in the rural
areas of the United States.
Manual labor was the only way to get tasks done.
Manual labor means jobs done by hand, without
the help of machines.
Inventors in the 1880s created new machines
which led to new industries.
Machines made farm work easier.
Using machines to do work is called
mechanization.
Industrial Revolution
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As new technologies were invented, industries
and cities grew. Many of these advances helped
people living in cities and prompted more to
leave rural areas.
In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, big
businesses were started to meet the needs of the
growing society and helped the U.S. economy
grow quickly.
People quickly moved to the cities to take jobs in
the growing factories and businesses.
The U.S. became the world’s leading producer of
manufactured goods.
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the talking telegraph, or telephone.
Thomas Edison
Inventor of the electric light bulb.
The first power station was built in New York
City.
George Washington Carver
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George Washington Carver was a
scientist.
He taught poor black farmers how to
make their crops grow better.
He taught cotton farmers it was better to
plant different crops each year such as
sweet potatoes and peanuts.
The Wright Brothers
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The Wright Brothers invented a flying
machine – the airplane. They flew
the plane at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina due to the coastal winds off
the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
Streetcars
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Horses pulled early streetcars along
steel tracks laid in the street.
Frank Sprague designed the first
electric streetcars.
Electric streetcars traveled more
quickly and held more people than
horse-drawn streetcars.
Horseless Carriages
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The first cars were called horseless
carriages because it was like a
carriage that did not need horses to
pull it.
The first cars with gasoline-powered
engines were built in Germany in the
late 1880s.
Henry Ford
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He started his automobile
company in 1903. He kept trying
to come up with ways to reduce
costs and increase production. In
1908, he created an assembly line
to build automobiles in order to
improve productivity. The Model T
was the first of these automobiles.
By using the assembly line, Ford
was able to sell his car for around
$250 while other companies sold
cars for over $2000! Between
1908-1927, Ford produced over
15 million Model T’s.
Assembly Line
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Factories use an assembly line. On an assembly
line, a product rolls past each worker. Each
worker performs his specialized job. This speeds
up the process of production and allows a
company to produce more goods.
Entrepreneur
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A person who
opens a new
business in hopes
of making a profit
is called an
entrepreneur.
Monopoly
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To try to gain
complete control of
an industry is a
monopoly.
John D. Rockefeller
He had a monopoly on
the oil industry. His
company, Standard
Oil owned 90% of the
nation’s oil business.
He controlled both the
production and the
transportation of oil,
which gave him power
to control the price of
oil.
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie had a monopoly on the steel
industry. He started out as a successful
investor and imported a faster and less
expensive method for manufacturing steel
from an English company. By applying the
techniques he learned in England, he came
back to the U.S. and combined small
companies to make the Carnegie Steel
Company. In 1892, his company produced
25% of the steel in the U.S. In 1901, he sold
his company for about $250 million dollars.
He gave away much of his wealth to build
libraries in the U.S. and other countries.
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J.P. Morgan
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He had a monopoly on
the railroad business.
Morgan earned his
money through
investments. He ended
up buying Carnegie’s
steel company to use
for his railroads. By
1901, his U.S. Steel
Company made 3/5ths
of the nation’s steel.
Free Enterprise Economy
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Free Enterprise Economy is an economic
system based on individual choice to start
businesses and own property rather than
government command economic systems.
• example – The United States has a free market
economy where people are free to choose what
is made, how it is made, and who gets it.
Free Enterprise Economy
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Supply and demand is one part of a free
enterprise economy. (Also called a Free
Market Economy).
When the rule of supply and demand
affects one business, it can also help other
businesses.
For example, an increased demand for
automobiles led to an increased demand
for oil in the early 1900s. People who
discovered oil during this time became
rich because the oil producers were
meeting the demands created by the
demand for automobiles.
Voluntary Exchange
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In the United States, people can buy and sell what
they want.
This freedom is called voluntary exchange.
When someone buys a peach from the store, this is
a trade. The person has traded money for a peach.
The more trade happens the better the economy is.
When trade (buying and selling) slows, the
economy suffers.
There are many reasons for trade. For example,
peaches grow in Georgia, but apples grow in
Oregon. Georgia farmers sell peaches to people in
Oregon, and Oregon farmers sell their apples to
people in Georgia.
Natural Resources
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Resources found in nature including
minerals, water, plants, and soil.
Human Resources
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People who work to produce goods
and services.
Capital Resources
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Money needed to run a business and buy
equipment is called capital resources.
Capital resources are money, machines,
property, or tools that are used to make
other goods and perform services.
Producers
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Producers are people who make
goods.
• examples – Walmart, Ford Motor
Company, Fantastic Sam’s, Nike
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They set the prices that people pay.
They can usually charge more for an
item if there is a high demand for it
and the supply is limited.
Consumers
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Consumers are people who buy
goods and use services.
• examples – Mrs. Pence, Johnston
Elementary, your parents, YOU!
Production, Distribution,
Consumption
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Goods are produced (made) in a
factory. -PRODUCTION
Goods are distributed (delivered) by
ships and trucks. -DISTRIBUTION
Goods sold in stores are purchased
by consumers and used. CONSUMPTION
PDC Example
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Example:
• Computer parts are made in China and Japan.
(production)
• A ship brings imported computer parts to a US company
in Mexico. (distribution)
• The computer parts are loaded onto a truck and are
delivered to the factory. (distribution)
• New computers are assembled at the factory.
(production)
• Completed computers leave the factory and are loaded
onto a ship to be exported from Mexico to the USA.
(distribution)
• Computers are trucked to stores across the USA.
(distribution)
• Consumers buy computer in stores. (consumption)
Productive Capacity
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The total amount of things that a
group of people can produce is called
its productive capacity.
Five things increase productive
capacity:
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resources
technology
capital goods
specialization
division of labor
Specialization
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In the past, American families grew their own
food and made things by hand. People had to
know how to do many different jobs such as
farming, cleaning, cooking, sewing, building a
house, and milking a cow.
Today, however, most Americans do not make
the things they need and people do not know
how to do many different jobs. Instead most
people do just one kind of job and they work for
a company that provides one kind of product or
service. This is called specialization.
Specialization means to do one thing well.
Division of Labor
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Specialization increases production.
One kind of specialization is called division of
labor. Different workers do different jobs.
The division of labor makes manufacturing faster
and cheaper.
• Ex: In a chair factory, one worker might cut
the wood, while another worker hammers the
nails, and yet another worker applies the
paint. Each worker does a special job to make
many chairs increasing production capacity.
Opportunity Cost
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Business owners must make smart
decisions based on opportunity cost.
The opportunity costs is the value of
what must be given up in order to
produce a certain good.
• Ex: You have 2 eggs. You can make either
scrambled eggs or brownies but not both. If
you make brownies you can not make
scrambled eggs. Giving up one thing instead
of another is opportunity cost.
Goods and Services
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Goods are items that people
make and use.
• examples – toys, food, cars
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Services are things that people
do for others.
• examples – doctors, mail carriers,
teachers, plumbers, mechanics,
truck drivers, hotel workers, house
cleaners
Exports
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Goods that are sold to other
countries are called exports.
• example: the United States exports a lot
of food to other countries.
• example: The United States exports
agricultural equipment to Brazil. Brazil
needs the equipment because they grow
many crops.
Imports
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Goods that one country buys from
another country are called imports.
• Examples: Nike shoes, some foreign
made cars, computers, clothes, and
more!
Supply and Demand
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Supply is the amount of product that is available.
Demand is the amount of that product that
people are willing to buy.
• Ex: After a holiday, seasonal candy is on sale
because there is a larger supply of a product
than demand.
• Ex: When a new game system is introduced,
demand is high and supply is limited, so the
producer can set and get a high price for the
product.
Scarcity and Surplus
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When a product is hard to get it is
scarce. Scarcity raises prices.
When a product is easy to get, there
is a surplus (more than enough). A
surplus lowers prices.
Immigration
Immigrants
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Immigrant – a person
who comes to live in a
new country from their
home country.
New Immigrants
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Before 1870, most immigrants came to the U.S.
from northern and western Europe.
23 million immigrants arrived in the United
States between 1880 and 1920.
Most of these immigrants came from southern
and eastern Europe.
Not all immigrants who arrived at this time were
from Europe. Immigrants also came from Mexico
and Asia.
European immigrants
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People who came from Europe were the
largest group of immigrants to come to the
United States.
Most of these immigrants stayed in the area
around New York and found work in
factories.
Many of them wanted to buy land for
farming, but they were not able to afford
land.
Wages were so low that everyone in the
family had to work to earn enough money
for food.
Mexican Immigrants
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Mexican immigrants came from Mexico and
few spoke English.
Many Mexicans settled in the southwestern
part of the United States in Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.
Many Mexican immigrants found jobs on
farms. They worked long hours planting,
weeding, and picking lettuce, tomatoes, and
grapes.
Asian Immigrants
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Great numbers of Chinese people came to the
U.S.
After the California gold rush of 1849, many
Chinese people lived in San Francisco, California.
They wanted to stay in the United States, so they
were willing to work for low pay.
They worked in mining, agriculture, and as
railroad workers.
Why did they come to the U.S.?
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Immigrants came for different reasons.
Many were escaping poverty, hunger, or
lack of jobs.
Others were escaping violence, war,
injustice, or mistreatment because of their
religion.
Mostly, they came for opportunities to
make better lives for themselves and their
families.
Ellis Island
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Most of the ships bringing European
immigrants landed at Ellis Island in New
York Harbor.
At Ellis Island, doctors checked immigrants
for dangerous diseases.
Government officials asked questions about
where they were from, what kind of work
they did, and where they planned to live.
Immigrants often spent an entire day
waiting in the long lines at Ellis Island.
Angel Island
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Immigrants from Asia came to Angel
Island in San Francisco Bay, California.
Most Chinese immigrants had to prove
that they had family members already
living in the United States.
Government inspectors questioned
immigrants before they were allowed to
leave the island.
Many Chinese immigrants spent weeks or
months on Angel Island.
Prejudice
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Prejudice – an unfair negative
opinion about a group of people.
Some people show prejudice
against others because of their
race, culture, or religion.
Immigrants from many different
countries faced prejudice.
African American Migration
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At the same time as immigrants were coming
to America, many African Americans in the
south decided to move to look for factory jobs
in cities in the North. This was called the Great
Migration.
Even though job opportunities were better in
the North, living conditions were still poor.
Many families lived in crowded neighborhoods
and still faced the same prejudice they had in
the South.
Immigration and Diversity
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From the 1880s to the 1920s, more
immigrants arrived in the United States than
at any other time in American history.
Immigrants contributed to the diversity, or
variety, of people in the United States.
The U.S. government passed new laws that
put a limit on the number of immigrants who
could enter the country each year.
Latin Motto
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E Pluribus Unum became the Latin motto
of the United States in 1782. Originally
suggesting that out of many colonies or
states emerge a single nation, it has come
to suggest that out of many peoples,
religions, and ancestries has emerged a
single people and nation- illustrating the
concept of the melting pot.
Problems of an Industrial Society
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As industry grew, problems grew too.
Factories had dangerous machines.
Workers were poorly trained.
Factories were often fire hazards.
Children were small enough to climb in and out of
machinery to repair it, which was dangerous.
Children who worked often could not attend school.
This law would take many years to correct.
Some industries filled the air with smoke.
Factories dumped waste into rivers or lakes.
Forests were cut down and few companies planted
new trees.
There were frequent explosions and accidents in
coal mines.
Becoming a World Power
1860-1920
Alaska
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In 1867 the United States bought Alaska from
Russia for $7.2 million dollars (that is just 2¢ an
acre!).
William Seward thought that Alaska was valuable,
but some newspapers called the purchase of
Alaska “Seward’s Folly” – (a silly idea).
When gold was found in Alaska, a gold rush
started with people going to Alaska to get rich.
Some people found gold, but conditions were
harsh and thousands of people died.
Alaska was full of natural resources such as fish,
timber, coal, and copper.
Hawaii
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The first Americans to arrive were Christian
missionaries.
American planters began moving to Hawaii in the
mid-1800s. Large sugar cane and pineapple
plantations were built.
Liliuokalani became Hawaii’s queen in 1891. She
did not want foreigners to have so much control
in Hawaii.
Americans eventually took over the government.
In 1898, Congress decided to annex Hawaii
making it a territory of the United States.
Causes of the Spanish-American War
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Spain wanted to continue to control the island of Cuba,
but Cubans were fighting to be independent from
Spain.
In January 1898, President William McKinley sent the
battleship “The Maine” to Cuba to protect the lives and
property of Americans in Cuba.
In February, the battleship exploded in the harbor
killing 260 Americans.
We may never know the real cause of the explosion,
but many Americans blamed Spain.
Spanish American War
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“We blamed Spain for blowing up the Maine!”
In April 1898, the U.S. Congress declared war on
Spain.
Many Americans volunteered to fight in the war.
Theodore Roosevelt and a group called the Rough
Riders (cowboys, Native Americans, and athletes)
took part in the fighting.
Several units of experienced African American
soldiers went to Cuba to fight. They were called the
Buffalo Soldiers.
The Spanish were defeated at the Battle of San
Juan Hill.
Spain signed an armistice (treaty) ending the war.
Results of War
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As a result of the War, the United
States gained control of Cuba, Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
With its victory over Spain, President
McKinley helped lead the United States
to become a world power – one of the
most powerful nations in the world.
Theodore Roosevelt became a national
hero.
More than 5,000 American soldiers
died. 400 Americans were killed in
battle, and the rest died from
diseases.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt returned from Cuba very popular.
First, he was elected governor of New York.
Then, in 1900, he was elected Vice President.
When President McKinley was assassinated in 1910,
Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United
States. Both of these men helped to expand America’s
role in the world.
Roosevelt worked with other countries to help them
work out peaceful agreements. Because of this, he was
the first American to ever receive the Nobel Peace
Prize.
The Panama Canal
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One of President Roosevelt’s goals was to build a
canal across Panama in Central America.
The canal would link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by
cutting across the isthmus that joined North America
and South America. This was a 6,000 mile “shortcut”
for ships, therefore allowing for easier trade between
countries.
The United States controlled the canal from 1903 until
the year 2000, when President Jimmy Carter signed it
back over to the people of Panama.
Panama Canal
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It took 10 years and
about $380 million
dollars to build the
canal.
Today the canal is still
helping move people
and goods all around
the world encouraging
the ease of trade
between countries.
It also helped others
see that the US was
an industrial country
and a world power.