Transcript President power point

The Institutions
Unit IVB
Ch. 12 The Presidency
The White House
Qualifications
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Be at least 35 years old
Must be born in the United States
Lived in the U.S. for 14 years
Twelfth Amendment requires Vice President to
fulfill qualifications
“Typical” Qualifications
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Political experience
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Military service
Charismatic
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)
Outsider – not involved in the “mess in Washington”
John F. Kennedy was first Catholic president (1961-1963)
Barack Obama was first black president (2009-Present)
James Buchanan was only president not married (1857-1861)
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Vice presidents, state governors, U.S. senators, U.S. representatives
John Tyler (1841-1845) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) married during their terms
Presidents with no military service: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Martin van
Buren, Grover Cleveland, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding,
Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama
(12)
Presidents with no prior elected office: Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Taft,
Herbert Hoover, Dwight Eisenhower
Electoral College
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Article II and the Twelfth Amendment outline procedures for
electing the president and vice president
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Each state receives number of electors equal to number of
representatives and senators
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Twenty-third Amendment provides 3 electoral votes for District of
Columbia
Usually, state political parties nominate their electors; winnertake-all for 48 states based on popular vote in state
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Twelfth Amendment in response to Jefferson-Burr decision in 1800
Maine and Nebraska split electoral votes
Candidate currently requires majority of 270 out of 538
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No majority, decision up to the incoming House of Representatives
per Article II and Twentieth Amendment
Presidential Candidates and State Campaigns
Number of Hand Waves depicts number
of presidential and vice-presidential
candidate visits in last five weeks of
election of 2004
Number of Dollar Signs depicts number
of presidential campaign spending in last
five weeks of election of 2004
Electoral College?
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Polls increasing against
Electoral College as
antiquated or undemocratic
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May win national popular vote,
but no electoral majority
Candidates ignore several states
in favor of large states and
swing states
Propose choose electors
based on winner of each
congressional district OR
national popular vote only
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Election of 1824
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Election of 1876
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Samuel Tilden (D) won over 50% of
popular vote
3 contested states awarded to
Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
Election of 1888
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Andrew Jackson earned popular vote
and plurality of electoral votes
House of Rep elected John Q. Adams
Grover Cleveland (D) won popular
vote, but lost to Benjamin Harrison (R)
in electoral votes
Election of 2000
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Al Gore (D) won popular vote, but lost
to George W. Bush (R)
U.S. Supreme Court decided on recount
of Florida’s votes
Inauguration
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“I do solemnly swear (or affirm)
that I will faithfully execute the
Office of President of the United
States, and will to the best of my
Ability, preserve, protect and
defend the Constitution of the
United States.” – Oath of Office
Twentieth Amendment (1933)
established January 20th as
inauguration date
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Used to be on March 4th
Since John Adams, the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court has
administered the oath
Presidential Terms of Office
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Four-year terms
Originally, no limit to number of terms served
George Washington set precedent/tradition of
two terms
Franklin D. Roosevelt elected to 4 terms (1932,
1936, 1940, 1944)
Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)
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Limited presidential terms to two
Presidential Benefits
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$400,000 annual salary
$50,000 annual tax-free expense account
$100,000 annual tax-free travel allowance
Taxable pension plan
Secret Service protection
Support staff
White House staff of 400-500
Camp David, a countryside getaway
Air Force One (plane) and Marine One (helicopter)
Considered the most powerful person in the world
Executive Privilege
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Power to refuse appearing before or refusing to provide
information to Congress or the Supreme Court
Presidents argue for it based on separation of powers
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United States v. Nixon (1974)
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Washington refused to provide House of Representatives
conditions of treaty
Evidence may not be withheld in criminal proceedings
Clinton v. Jones (1997)
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Presidency cannot protect from civil litigation on actions
before becoming president
Formal Executive Powers of the
President
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“…take care that the laws be faithfully executed”
EXECUTIVE ORDERS
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Rules and regulations of enforcement by president
Suspension of habeas corpus, Japanese internment, equality
in armed forces, EPA
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Ex parte Milligan
Korematsu v. United States
Appoint/remove executive officials
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Executive department heads and heads of independent
regulatory agencies need Senate approval
Recess appointments
Formal Legislative Powers of the
President
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Signs bills into law
Veto bills
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POCKET VETO
Congressional override (2/3 majority of both houses)
LINE-ITEM VETO
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State of the Union
Special sessions of Congress
Prepare and propose federal budget
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Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974)
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Clinton v. City of New York
Denied president right to refuse spending appropriated funds
Propose agenda and legislation
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Power of persuasion
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Party loyalties in Congress; use of media spotlight; going public
Formal Judicial Powers of the
President
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Appoint justices to the Supreme Court and lower
federal courts
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Requires Senate approval (simple majority)
Grants reprieves, pardons, amnesty
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Reprieves postpone a sentence allowing for appeals
Pardons forgive a crime and cancel the punishment
Amnesty is to forget the crime in lieu of testimony or support
Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon of Nixon for Watergate
Formal Diplomatic Powers of the
President
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Appoints ambassadors
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Senate approval (simple majority)
Receives foreign dignitaries
Negotiates treaties
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Requires advice and consent of Senate (2/3) majority
EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
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Bypassing treaty ratification requirements, president establishes
foreign policy with heads of states
Does not require Senate approval, but must be re-consented by each
new president
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Formal Military Powers of the
President
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Commander-in-Chief
Over all armed forces
 Appoints Joint Chiefs of Staff (military advisors)
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Provides for domestic order
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Call up the National Guard in affected state/locality
Informal Powers of the President
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Recognized as leader of his/her political party
Chooses running mate
Coattail effect
Patronage
Agenda setting and influence on party platforms
and party legislative actions
The Many Hats of the President
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Chief Executive
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Chief Legislator
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Ceremonies, receive foreign leaders, official dinners
Chief Diplomat
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In charge of armed forces
Head of State
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Propose legislation, veto power, State of the Union
Commander-in-Chief
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Execute laws, appoint executive officials
Negotiate treaties/alliances, develop foreign policies, appoint
ambassadors
Head of Political Party
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Agenda setting, coattails, patronage
Impeachment
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May be charged with treason, bribery, high crimes and misdemeanors
House of Representatives impeaches, or charges
Senate tries, acquit or convict
Andrew Johnson
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Bill Clinton
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Democrat president dealing with Radical Republicans during Reconstruction
Acquitted by 1 vote on 2 charges
Democrat president involved in affair and impeached by Republican-dominated
House for perjury and obstruction of justice
Overwhelmingly acquitted
Richard Nixon*
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House Judiciary Committee was in process of drafting impeachment articles before
Nixon resigned
Vice President
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Selection of a Vice President
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Balance the ticket
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Constitutional Responsibilities
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Selected based on different party faction, geographical region, political
experience
John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson
Preside over the Senate as President of the Senate
Break voting ties in the Senate
Assume presidency upon death, infirmity, disability, removal from office
of president
Duties of a Vice President
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Attend Cabinet meetings alongside the president
Serve on National Security Council
Diplomatic representative of president
Presidential Succession
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Vice president succeeds president
upon death, removal from office,
disability, infirmity
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Article II
Twentieth Amendment
Twenty-Fifth Amendment
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
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Vice President
Speaker of the House
President Pro Tempore
Secretary of State
Secretary of Treasury
Secretary of Defense
Attorney General
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Presidential Succession (cont.)
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Based on chronological order of
executive department
Secretary of Interior
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Labor
Secretary of Health and Human
Services
Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development
Secretary of Transportation
Secretary of Energy
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Veterans’ Affairs
Secretary of Homeland Security
The Office of the President
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In development of policy and decision-making,
the closest and/or last person/people to the
president influence the ultimate decision
Executive Office of the President
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White House Staff
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Executive Order 8248 by FDR
Part of the EOP
The Cabinet
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Executive department heads
White House Staff
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May be hired and fired at will; no legislative or judicial approval necessary
Chief of Staff
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Press Secretary
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Disseminate and provide information to the president, the White House staff, and the mass
media
Communications
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administers the White House staff
Usually a personal or close friend/ally
May possess a certain policy expertise or political connections
Develop and promote the president’s agenda
Organizational Structures
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Pyramid
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Circular
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Hierarchal structure reports to the Chief of Staff
Members and aides all directly report to the president
Ad-hoc
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Task forces, committees, informal groups of advisors and friends report to the president
Executive Office of the President
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Policy advisors and experts
Some officials require Senate approval
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Assist in developing federal budget proposal
 Monitor supervision of executive agencies
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Council of Economic Advisers
National Security Council
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National security and foreign policy advisement
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
The Cabinet
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Administrators, or secretaries, of the executive
departments
Appointed by president and approval from Senate
Usually an expert in department appointed with some
political and private experience
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In most cases, the person barely has any personal or political
relationship to the president, if any
Some may be chosen for image of diversity
Cabinet members focus on department and not
necessarily the loyalty to president or party
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Some in-fighting with EOP and White House Staff
The Executive Departments
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Dept. of State
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FBI
Dept. of Interior
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Prints currency; collects
revenue/taxes; IRS
Dept. of Defense
Dept. of Justice
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Dept. of Treasury
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Foreign affairs
Federal land and natural resources;
native relations and territory
administration
Dept. of Agriculture
Dept. of Commerce
Dept. of Labor
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Dept. of Health and Human
Services
Dept. of Housing and
Urban Development
Dept. of Transportation
Dept. of Energy
Dept. of Education
Dept. of Veterans’ Affairs
Dept. of Homeland Security
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Coast Guard, ICE, Secret
Service
The First Lady
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First and foremost as White
House hostess
Attends social events and
ceremonies with or representing
president
Modern First Ladies usually
coordinate politically safe valence
issues and initiatives
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Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say No To
Drugs”
Strong First Ladies
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Dolly Madison
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Civil rights issues, campaigned for
FDR
Hillary Clinton
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Given direct policy role for national
health care initiative
Presidential Character
Active-Positive
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Energetic, high selfesteem, confident,
optimistic, productive,
flexible, enjoys being
president
Jefferson, FDR, Truman,
Kennedy, H.W. Bush
Presidential Character
Active-Negative
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Energetic, low selfesteem, compulsive,
rigid, secures and retains
power, pessimism
Wilson, Hoover, Lyndon
Johnson, Nixon
Presidential Character
Passive-Positive
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Enjoys being president,
seeks affection,
cooperative,
compromising, limited
energy, reacts
Madison, Taft, Harding,
Reagan, Clinton
Presidential Character
Passive-Negative
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Obligated, limited
energy, principles over
politics, avoids power
Washington, Coolidge,
Eisenhower
Presidential Characters
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Eisenhower-orderly
Kennedy-improviser,
charismatic
Johnson-deal maker
Nixon-mistrustful
Ford-Genial
Carter-Outsider
ReaganCommunicator
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Bush-hands on
manager
Clinton-focus to
detail
Bush-arbiter of fate
Obama-???