Transcript 05-Imperialism by the United States

Imperialism by the
United States
North American Imperialism
• Manifest Destiny: belief that the US was
destined to dominate the entire continent
• Mexican-American War: conflict fought to
spread territory and influence for economic
and political reasons
• Claiming of lands from Native Americans
• After reaching the Pacific Ocean the U.S.
expanded the idea of manifest destiny with
European-style colonization
Debate over Expansionism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HttzY1zk
ss&feature=youtu.be
• VQ: Why did many feel the US should
enter into imperialism?
• VQ: What were criticisms of
imperialism made by the antiimperialists?
Japan http://youtu.be/dJTUoYu0qnU
• VQ: Why did the US want access to
Japan?
• VQ: What did the US do to gain
access to Japan?
Alaska http://youtu.be/k6g7sZC9YXM
• VQ: Why did Seward attempt to
buy Alaska from Russia and how
was it obtained?
Hawaii http://youtu.be/AQSQsFNOrek
• VQ: How did the Americans change the
landscape of Hawaii?
• VQ: How did the US acquire control of
Hawaii?
• American traders, missionaries, and planters settle in
Hawaii in early 1800s
• Half of native Hawaiians died and native society eroded
• US allows sugar to enter duty-free and planters brought
Asian immigrants for workers
• US negotiated right to have naval base at Pearl Harbor
in 1887
• US ended sugar policy in 1890, planters want to become
part of US
• American planters lead revolution against Queen
Liliuokalani in 1893 and ask for US protection
• Liliuokalani yielded authority after American minister
sends in marines
• Annexed in 1898 under McKinley after Cleveland
refused for four years
Samoa
• Located 3000 miles south of Hawaii,
desired location for shipping stop
• US signs treaty in 1878 to gain naval
station at Pago Pago
• US, Britain, and Germany struggled for
control of islands
• Islands divided in 1899 and US retains
Pago Pago
American Expansionism
http://youtu.be/UG2tFBn8Puk
• VQ: What were the ideas of
Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan that
helped change American strategy
and involvement in foreign affairs?
Spanish-American War
Cuban Rebellion against Spain http://youtu.be/PXiNZ7hSGDU
• VQ: What actions did Marti take to start
Cuban resistance to the Spanish?
• VQ: What actions were taken by the
Spanish to prevent further revolution?
• Cuba was a Spanish colony with strong
economic ties to the US, mainly through sugar
• Cubans had been resisting Spanish control for
decades
• US passes a Wilson-Gorman Tariff, increasing
sugar duties
• Cuba’s economy is nearly destroyed, fueling
revolution
• Spanish sent 200,000 person army to Cuba
• Cubans conduct guerilla warfare and destroy
American property, trying to bring the US into
the war
• Why did Americans
initially have interests in
what was occurring in
Cuba in the late 1800s?
United States enters into war against
Spain http://youtu.be/TsJdIPrYM1M
• VQ: What was yellow journalism and its
role in the Spanish-American War?
• VQ: What was the role of the battleship
Maine in the Spanish American War?
• American newspaper owners, William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer,
began competing to publish sensational
stories of abuse of Cubans by the Spanish
– Yellow journalism: sensational and
exaggerated reporting done to attract readers
• American public wants to support the
Cubans, but the government attempts to
negotiate and remain neutral
• President McKinley sends battleship Maine to
Havana in case Americans needed evacuation
• Letter published in New York Journal by Spanish
ambassador criticizing McKinley as weak
• The Maine mysteriously explodes and the press
blames the Spanish – “Remember the Maine”
• American jingoism, aggressive nationalism,
spreads through the US and Republican Party
• Republicans fear McKinley will not be reelected
if the US does not use force against Spain
• Congress declares war on Spain (April 19, 1898)
• Why did Americans
push for war against
Spain in 1898?
War on two fronts
http://youtu.be/4KnShojrEz0
• VQ: What actions were taken by the US
in the Pacific?
• VQ: What problems were occurring for
the United States in the Cuban
campaign?
• VQ: What was the role of the Rough
Riders in the conquest of Cuba?
Philippines
– American Pacific fleet sails to Philippines to
prevent Spanish fleet in Manila Bay from
attacking the US
– American fleet under Commodore George
Dewey quickly destroys the Spanish fleet
– US defeats Spanish before US was ready to
send armed troops
– US enlists Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo
to fight Spanish in a guerilla war
– US troops arrive, capturing Guam en route, and
refuse to allow Aguinaldo’s forces into the
capital of Manila
Cuba
– American Atlantic fleet blockaded Cuba
– US army slow to mobilize and mainly
volunteers
• “Rough Riders” – cavalry unit from the west,
mostly cowboys, miners, and lawmen
– Theodore Roosevelt resigns as Asst. Sec. of the Navy to
join Rough Riders
• 1/4 of units were African American, leading to
racial tensions before and during fighting
• More men die of disease than battle
– US troops attack San Juan Hill and areas
around Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba
– Spanish fleet attempts to flee, but every ship
either sunk or beached by US
– Spanish surrender in Cuba and US occupies
nearby Spanish colony of Puerto Rico
– http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/cha
pter20/interactive_maps.html#spanish
•What factors allowed
the United States to
quickly defeat the
Spanish?
Results of the Spanish-American War
• Treaty of Paris (1898): Cuba is independent, US
acquires Puerto Rico and Guam, US purchases
Philippines for $20 million
• Puerto Rico
– US governs through military rule, then as a colony in
1900
– Had US governor and divided two-chamber
legislature
– Island becomes dependent upon sugar market
Cuba
– US built roads, schools, hospitals to prepare
for independence
– Platt Amendment (1901) prevented Cuba
from making non-US treaties
– American industries invest and take over
Cuban economy
– Revolts prompted US military intervention
multiple times
• What were the actions taken by
the United States in the
Caribbean after their victory in
the Spanish-American War?
Imperialism Debate Within the United
States (primarily over the Philippines)
• Anti-Imperialists
– Reasons included morality, “polluting”
America with lower races, flooding US with
cheap labor, large standing army, possible
entangling alliances, industry competition
(sugar)
– Outspoken critics -- Andrew Carnegie, Mark
Twain, Samuel Gompers, Senator John
Sherman
– Anti-Imperialist League attracts support of
upper-class citizens in Northeastern cities
• Imperialists and pro-annexation
–Saw as chance to expand Asian
trade, build up national strength ,
build up Republican Party, and the
United States already possessed
the islands
–Main supporters – Theodore
Roosevelt and Senator Henry
Cabot Lodge
Treaty of Paris and the Election of 1900
• Treaty receives unexpected support of
anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan
– Bryan convinces anti-imperialist Democratic
senators to back the treaty
– Bryan wants to make the treaty the issue in
the 1900 presidential election
1900 Presidential Election
– Rematch between McKinley and Bryan
– Bryan tries to make election on imperialism
– Republicans in strong position due to national
prosperity and addition of Theodore
Roosevelt to the presidential ticket
– McKinley wins reelection
• Why were people both for and against
imperialism?
• How did imperialism become an
election issue in 1900 and what were
the results?
•
Hold a moment longer! Not quite yet, gentlemen! Before you go I would like to say
just a word about the Philippine business. I have been criticized a good deal about
the Philippines, but don’t deserve it. The truth is I didn’t want the Philippines, and
when they came to us, as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them.
When the Spanish War broke out Dewey was at Hongkong, and I ordered him to go
to Manila and to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet, and he had to; because, if
defeated, he had no place to refit on that side of the globe, and if the Dons were
victorious they would likely cross the Pacific and ravage our Oregon and California
coasts. And so he had to destroy the Spanish fleet, and did it! But that was as far as I
thought then.
•
When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I confess I did not
know what to do with them. I sought counsel from all sides—Democrats as well as
Republicans—but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon;
then other islands perhaps also. I walked the floor of the White House night after
night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on
my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And
one night late it came to me this way—I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) That
we could not give them back to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2)
that we could not turn them over to France and Germany—our commercial rivals in
the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave
them to themselves—they were unfit for self-government—and they would soon have
anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was
nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift
and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by
them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went
to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the
War Department (our map-maker), and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of
the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they
are, and there they will stay while I am President!
Control of the
Philippines
• US claims to be protecting and
civilizing the Philippines
• Reality is damaging and brutal
guerilla war with Aguinaldo and his
followers (1898-1902)
– 200,000 American troops fight with
4,300 deaths (10 times those in Sp-Am
War)
– US under Arthur MacArthur force
Filipinos into concentration camps,
murder leaders, high death rate among
Filipinos (15 dead for every 1 wounded)
– Aguinaldo is captured in 1901 and will
eventually sign a document urging his
followers to stop fighting
• William Howard Taft placed as civilian
governor of Philippines
– US builds schools, hospitals, roads, public
health system
– Local economy becomes increasingly tied to
US economy
– Begin giving some local autonomy, but
independence waits until 1946
• How did the United States
administer the Philippines
and what issues did they
face?
Transformation
• Elihu Root names
of the
Secretary of War by
American
McKinley following the
Spanish-American War
Military
– Enlarged army from
25,000 to 100,000
– Restructured National
Guard to give it army
standards
– Creation of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff to
coordinate and advise the
president
• How did the United States
change its military after
the Spanish-American
War?
The Open Door Policy with China
http://youtu.be/HtqgGO5xO8g
•VQ: What conditions were influencing
China at the beginning of the 20th Century?
•VQ: What were the main goals of the
“Open Door Policy” supported by the US?
•VQ: What occurred during the “Boxer
Rebellion”
Foreign Policy by American Presidents in the
early 1900s http://youtu.be/lqbgLHope4o
•VQ: What actions/events characterized “Big
Stick” foreign diplomacy during Roosevelt’s
presidency?
•VQ: What actions/events characterized “Dollar
Diplomacy” foreign diplomacy Taft’s
presidency?
•VQ: What actions/events characterized “Moral
Diplomacy” foreign diplomacy during Wilson’s
presidency?
Roosevelt and “Big Stick Diplomacy”
• Roosevelt believed in
a highly active foreign
policy
• Roosevelt resolved
Russo-Japanese War
in 1905 and sent the
“Great White Fleet”
when Japan excluded
some American trade
Roosevelt Corollary and
“Gunboat Diplomacy”
– Problems occur between Venezuela and foreign
countries over debt
– European countries blockade, Germany bombs, and
Roosevelt threatens force
– Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine issued in
1904, US can intervene in domestic affairs of
neighbors to promote order
– US takes over customs houses in Dominican
Republic to pay foreign debts
– “Gunboat Diplomacy” kept Europeans from
interfering in the Western Hemisphere
Panama Canal
– US wants canal in central America, originally through
sea-level Nicaragua
– French company had previously failed in Colombiancontrolled Panama
– US unable to negotiate land rights in Panama from
Colombia
– US supports revolution against Colombian
government
– Roosevelt recognized as independent within three
days
– Panama agrees to terms to build canal, which was
completed in 1914
• How did Theodore Roosevelt
expand the role and power
of the United States,
especially in the Americas?
Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”
• Attempt to advance economic interests
through American investments, mainly in
the Caribbean
Woodrow Wilson and “Moral
Diplomacy”
• Wilson sends military to Haiti and
Dominican Republic to maintain order
• Signs treaty with Nicaragua to keep from
European influence
• US bought Danish West Indies (Virgin
Islands) from Denmark in 1917 to prevent
Germany from seizing control
“Moral Diplomacy” and Mexico
– Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown by antiAmerican democratic reforming popular leader Francisco
Madero
– Taft had quietly supported Victoriano Huerta to take
control
– Madero is murdered and newly elected Wilson refuses to
recognize Huerta
– Huerta is backed by US business interests, but Wilson
attempts to bring Constitutionalist Venustiano Carranza
to power
– US gets involved in incident in Tampico and seized
Veracruz
– Carranza takes over Mexico, but Wilson does not support
due to failure to follow US policy guidelines
– Wilson considers supporting Pancho Villa, but turns
back to Carranza
– Pancho Villa is angered at US and attacks a New
Mexico border town
– Wilson sent US army under General John J. Pershing
into Mexico to pursue Villa, although Villa is never
captured
– US an Mexico stand on the brink of war until Wilson
formally recognizes Carranza’s regime in Mexico in
March 1917 with World War I pressures taking
precedence
• How did Woodrow
Wilson intervene in the
Americas, especially in
Mexico?