Transcript 15a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in

Isolation vs. Globalization
Unit 6
Section A
15a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in
WWI, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare.
WWI was a war of alliances. If you are in an alliance
and your ally is attacked? What are you obligated to do?
In 1914, Austrian Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated
by a Serbian. In retaliation, Austria attacked Serbia.
Austria and Serbia were both members of alliances and
therefore other countries began to get involved.
Germany aided Austria
Britain, France and Russia joined Serbia
The U.S. had stayed out of European affairs since the
War of 1812, and Wilson had won the election for
President on a promise of keeping the U.S. out of the
war. For three years he was successful.
Reasons for U.S. involvement in
the War
Violation of the Freedom of the Seas
– Main reason for U.S. entering WWI was
unrestricted German submarine warfare. In
1915, a German submarine sank the British
Passenger liner Lusitania. 128 Americans
were on board. Germany promised not to
sink anymore ships without warning, but in
1917 they began sinking U.S. merchant
vessels. U.S. declared war.
More reasons….
German Actions and Allied Propaganda:
– Americans were shocked at the German
invasion of neutral Belgium
– The Zimmerman Telegram: A secret telegram
to Mexico from a high German official offering
to return territory to Mexico, if Mexico would
help Germany against the U.S. The telegram
was intercepted and published in the
newspaper. This led to public outrage
towards Germany.
15b. Explain the domestic impact of WWI, as reflected by the origins of
the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.
With men away at war, many jobs opened
for both women and African Americans.
The Great Migration: African Americans
migrated in large numbers from the South
to fill the jobs in Northern factories. This
gave them the chance to escape the Jim
Crow south. The war accelerated this
migration.
Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (1918) a
person could be fined up to $10,000 and
sentenced to 20 years on jail for interfering with
the war effort or for saying anything disloyal
about the war.
Do you think this violates the first amendment?
How would life be different today if these acts
were still in effect? (think of the war in Iraq!)
These acts targeted socialists such as Eugene
Debs.
Do Questions for Section A.
On Elearn, do “Questions for Section A.”
Section B
Eugene Debs
A socialist who worked to change the
horrible conditions experienced by factory
workers.
He was also against the war and the draft.
He was fined $10,000 and given a 10 year
prison sentence for speaking out against
the war and the draft.
15c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed
League of Nations.
U.S. involvement in the war shifted the balance
of power to the allies. In 1918 the war ended.
Wilson announced America’s war aims in his
FOURTEEN POINTS
– They called for freedom of the seas, reduced
armaments and an end to secret diplomacy.
– The most important part was the League of Nations.
This was a association of nations to try to prevent
future wars. Unfortunately, the American people
wanted to become isolated again from foreign
problems, and the U.S. never joined the League.
15d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing
Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman
suffrage.
18th (1920): Prohibition-This banned the
sale of Alcohol in the United States. This
led to the rise of organized crime
(remember something always costs more
if it is illegal). Gangsters like Al Capone
grew rich and powerful by boot-legging
(illegally selling) alcohol.
19th (1920): Women’s suffrage- Women
gained the right to vote
16a: Explain how rising communism and socialism in
the United States led to the Red Scare and
immigrant restriction.
Nativism- the idea that people born in the
US were better than immigrant citizens
Anti-immigrant, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic
sentiments grew, and causes a revival of
the Ku Klux Klan
Fear of Communist takeover led to
suppression of immigrants in the Red
Scare of the 1920’s
19b: Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
and the internment of Japanese- Americans,
German-Americans, and Italian-Americans.
Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941- Japan launched a
surprise attack on the US Navy base at Pearl
Harbor
This attack was the US’s official entry into WWII
Because of fear of retribution from JapaneseAmericans, Roosevelt ordered them kept in
prison camps, including some Germans, Italians,
and Native Americans
19c: Explain major events; include the lend-lease
program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of
Berlin.
Lend-Lease Program: 9 months before
Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt approved this
program for nation that the US deemed
necessary to the vital defense of the US
Battle of Midway- June 4-7, 1942: turning
point of WWII. Japan tried to attack
Midway Atoll, a refueling station, but the
US destroyed 4 Japanese carriers, while
only losing 1 of its own
19d: Describe war mobilization, as indicated by
rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of
women in war industries.
Selective Service- Draft: 10 million men were
forced to join the military, and women were
allowed to join to fill non-combat positions
To equip the troops all US industry was
dedicated to the war effort: women filled many of
these positions, but paid 60% less
Wartime conservation- aka: rationing, people
were only allowed to purchase limited suppies of
many things such as gas, meat, sugar, and
coffee
Do Questions for Section B
On Elearn, do “Questions for Section B.”
Section C
WWII- a TRUE World War
Allies- Great Britain, Soviet Union, US,
China, and France
Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan
Oceans became battlefields, and the
whole world saw war as a personal
experience
D-Day
June 6-1944: code name for the first day
of Operation Overlord- an Allied invasion
of Nazi France (opening scene of Saving
Private Ryan)
From the French Beaches, American and
British forces pushed east into Germany
Fall of Berlin
April-May 1945: final place of battle in
Europe during WWII.
One of the bloodiest battles in history
Hitler committed suicide during this battle
Majority of deadly battle was fought
against the Soviets, and the length of the
fighting was due to Germany’s desire to
surrender to the US or Britain rather than
the Soviet Union.
19e: Describe Los Alamos and the scientific,
economic, and military implications of developing the
atomic bomb.
The Allies knew after the Battle of Midway
that they would still have to invade the
Japanese mainland, because they had a
huge military presence on the ground
BUT: President Truman knew that he
jeopardized the lives of his troops if he
sent them to the mainland
Do Questions for Section C
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Section D
Atomic Bomb
Truman decided to use new technology, no one
had ever seen the Atomic Bomb, or knew
completely what it was capable of
2 bombs were assembled in Los Alamos, New
Mexico and dropped on Japan in August, 1945.
Japan surrendered Sept 2, 1945
The Atomic Bomb mission was called the
“Manhattan Project”
Implications of using the ABomb
US had this unique weapon, and we
weren’t afraid to use it
Soviet Union immediately began research
and production of their own, creating fear
and a weapons race
Nuclear power became prevalent in every
area of life
Cold War
Truman Doctrine
The “Cold War” was a time period where
countries began building their weapons and
military programs, either to prevent the spread of
Communism or to protect it; depending on the
country.
Stated that the US would not hesitate to help
nations to resist communism.
Containment policy: allow communism to
remain where it existed, but to keep it from
spreading to other countries.
Marshall Plan: (Part of the Truman
Doctrine) It provided nations in war-torn
Europe with much needed financial
support from the US. This was done to try
to prevent ailing nations from falling to
Communist Revolutions.
China’s Communist Revolution
The US sent financial aid to the nationalists in
China who were fighting a communist takeover
in 1949.
The communists under Moa Tse-tung won and
China became Communist.
The US refused to recognized the new
government and used their veto power to keep
China out of the UN.
Korean War 1950-1953
North Korea-Communist
South Korea-Democratic
Divided at the 38th parallel.
North Korea invaded S. Korea and the US
stepped in to help. The US pushed the N.
Koreans back close to China . China
threatened to enter the war and the US
backed down. The war ended as a
stalemate with the land divided once again at
the 38th parrallel.
China’s Communist Revolution
The US sent financial aid to the Nationalists in
Japan who were fighting a communist takeover
in 1949.
The communists under Mao Tse-tung won and
China became Communist.
The US refused to recognize the new
government and used their veto power to keep
China out of the UN.
Do Questions for Section D
On Elearn, do “Questions for Section D.”
Section E
Joseph McCarthy
A US senator who was convinced that
communists had infiltrated high levels of
government and the military. At first, Communist
aggression in Korea served to help McCarthy
and his ideas were popular.
However, by June of 1954, most Americans
thought McCarthy was simply paranoid and the
fear subsided.
Cuban Revolution (1959)
Fidel Castro led the revolution to
overthrow the Cuban Government and
became the new communist leader of the
country. President Eisenhower broke off
all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Castro
allied himself to the USSR.
The Bay of Pigs (1961)
The CIA trained 1500 Cuban exiles to
invade Cuba. The invasion landed in the
Bay of Pigs and was a huge failure.
The US denied involvement and
abandoned the imprisoned exiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro feared invasion from the US and
sought a strong ally in the USSR. So, he
allowed the USSR to secretly put nuclear
missiles in Cuba.
US spy planes spotted the missiles and
Kennedy authorized a naval blockade of the
island.
For 13 days-the US and USSR stood at the
brink of nuclear war.
The Vietnam War
North Vietnam: Communist
South Vietnam: Democratic
Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam
under Communism.
President Johnson vowed to keep South
Vietnam out of Communist hands.
Tet Offensive
1968- Viet Cong launched a major attack
against US forces.
The US was able to turn them back, but it
showed that the communist could launch a
coordinated attack. It also led to public
outcry that the war should be abandoned.
Opposition at Home
Some people were for the war.
Some people felt that the Government was
limited the ability of the military to win the
war.
Others felt that Americans should not be
fighting and dying for someone else’s
country.
The US finally realized that the
Vietnamese would not give up and they
began withdrawing troops in 1973. By
1975, North Vietnam had won the war and
Vietnam became a communist country.
Do Questions for Section E
On Elearn, do “Questions for Section E.”
Section F
Social Change
a. Compare and Contrast the Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC) tactics; include sit-ins,
freedom rides, and changing composition.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC): Believed in making changes
through the courts. Organized the
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)
and Dr. King was it’s leader.
Student Non-violent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC): Wanted to create
change through non-violent protests.
Both groups used tactics such:
– Sit-ins: blacks would peacefully sit in
segregated places until they were served or
arrested)
– Freedom-rides: groups of blacks and whites
who rode buses across the country to test bus
integration. The bus was attacked in Alabama
and the riders were arrested in Mississippi.
This helped to bring national attention to Civil
Rights.
National Politics
Since 1968
SSUSH 25: The student will
describe changes in national
politics since 1968.
25a: Describe President Nixon’s opening of China, his
resignation due to the Watergate Scandal, changing
attitudes toward government, and the presidency of Gerald
Ford.
Nixon’s presidency is remembered as a
success, and also by scandal.
Success: Visit to China in 1971, to seek
scientific, trade, and cultural agreementstaking advantage of the 10year standoff
between China and the Soviet Union. He
improved relations with China, which
helped greatly later with trade
negotiations.
Nixon Scandal
Watergate- Nixon’s administration attempt
to cover-up a burglary of the offices of the
Democratic Party at Watergate Apartment
Complex in Washington DC.
The Burglary was committed by Nixon’s
re-election team, looking for political
information.
He won re-election in 1972, but as the
scandal surfaced, he faced impeachment,
and resigned in 1974
Effects of the Watergate
Scandal
People lost faith in the government and
politicians
Since many of the people involved were
lawyers, attorneys were seen in a negative
light
Changes were made to laws dealing with
campaign finance
Gerald Ford
Succeeded Nixon, but he was never given true
respect because of his connection to Nixon
He used his Presidential Pardon privilege to
pardon Nixon of all crimes linked to Watergate
The Vietnam War ended during his presidency
But, Ford did not curb the growing
unemployment and inflation trend, and the US
experienced the worst economic recession since
the Great Depression
Carter Administration
Camp David Accords: 1978, negotiated
peace treaty between the Egyptian
president and the Israeli prime minister at
Camp David-it did not solve the issues at
hand, but it did provide an immediate
peace involving urgent issues facing the
middle-eastern countries.
Carter cont.
Iranian Hostage Crisis: 1978- Iran replaced a
shah that was friendly to the U.S. with an
unfriendly Muslim leader.
Carter allowed the old shah into America for
emergency medical treatment, angry Iranian
revolutionaries invaded the U.S. Embassy in Iran
and too 52 Americans hostage.
It lasted 444 days, until Ronald Regan became
president.
The event led to anti-American feelings among
Muslim groups around the world.
Reagan Administration
Ronald Reagan, president through most of
the 1980’s
Conservative, wanted to reduce the size of
federal government
“Reaganomics” was the nickname given to
Reagan economic policies- budget cuts,
tax cuts, and increased defense spending
Reagan cont.
Iran-Contra Scandal: his administration
was found to have sold weapons to Iran,
and then apparently used funds to support
a rebellion in Nicaragua, supprting the
rebels of the government called “contras”
Reagan cont.
Collapse of the Soviet Union: Gorbachev, the
leader of the Soviet Union during Reagan’s
administration, changed many policies in his
country including allowing freedom of speech
and press. He allowed Reagan to help him begin
a path toward democracy, but in the process lost
control of the separate states that made up the
Soviet Union.
5 of the 10 original stated now make up Russia.
Do Questions for Section F
In Elearn, do “Questions for Section F.”
Section G
Clinton’s Administration
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA): brought Mexico into a tariff free
zone with America and Canada
Supporters: felt it would open up Mexican
markets to U.S. companies
Opponents: felt it could send U.S. jobs to
Mexico and harm the environment
Clinton cont.
Impeachment- Clinton was the 2nd
president in U.S. history to be impeached
House of Representatives accused him of
perjury and obstruction of justice
The Senate acquitted him, and he finished
his second term in office
2000 Presidential Election
Gore received more actual votes, but Bush
won the electoral college- 271 to 266
This was a very controversial election, and
was contested in several states, Gore
demanding recounts.
Eventually, Gore conceded and George W.
Bush became president.
Bush’s Administration
Bush’s administration will always be
remembered for Al-Qaeda’s attacks on
September 11, 2001.
Congress allowed a law to be passed that
allowed people suspected of terrorism to have
their rights suspended for up to 7 days
Bush also created Homeland Security, a division
of the government for the purpose of protecting
American soil from terrorist attacks
Bush cont.
Operation Enduring Freedom- invasion of
Afghanistan by the U.S. and allies to break of
the Taliban and fight terrorism. They had many
successes, but Osama Bin Laden escaped.
Operation Iraqi Freedom (AKA War on
Terrorism) 2003- the purpose was to search for
weapons of mass destruction and to remove
Saddam Hussein from power. Hussein was
eventually captured, convicted of crimes against
humanity and executed in 2006.