Transcript THE COLD WAR

Video: Recovering from WWII
Video: Germany After the War
UNITED NATIONS
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An international peacekeeping
organization
Formed after WWII in 1945
Purpose:
– help settle disputes among member nations
– prevent wars from starting
– take actions to end wars that did start.
UNITED NATIONS
UN General
Assembly
UN Headquarters
in New York City
UN Flag
SOVIET UNION
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A union of countries under one
Communist government
After WW II it included Russia,
Ukraine, Lithuania, East Germany,
Romania and Bulgaria
Video: Soviet Union creates a “buffer zone”
SOVIET UNION
COLD WAR
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The competition between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union for power and
influence in the world after WWII
Characterized by political and
economic conflict along with military
tension
It was “cold” because there was no
direct military conflict between the
two nations.
Video: Start of the Cold War
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
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1947 – Great Britain announced that it
could no longer afford to support
Greece and Turkey in their struggle
against Communist revolution.
President Truman spoke to Congress
saying the U.S. would take the leading
role in fighting the spread of
Communism.
CONTAINMENT
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A political policy of preventing the
spread of Communism
American leaders believed that
communism would die out on its own
if it did not spread.
This would be the cornerstone of
American foreign policy for over 50
years.
Leads to our involvement in the
Korean War and Vietnam War
Video: Containment
MARSHALL PLAN
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1947 – Proposed by Secretary of
State George Marshall
A program of economic assistance
to help rebuild the economies of
western Europe after WWII
The U.S. could contain communism,
win allies, create new democracies,
and new markets for American
goods.
Marshall Plan Aid to Western Europe
Marshall Plan
Poster
NATO
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1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Belgium,
Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and others
An “association of democratic peaceloving nations”
“An armed attack against one or more of
them . . . shall be considered an attack
against them all.”
WARSAW PACT
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Soviet Union responded to
NATO by forming a military
alliance with its satellite
nations in Eastern Europe.
NATO and
Warsaw
Pact
Nations
Formation of West Germany
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Germany remained divided into
four zones after WWII occupied
by England, France, U.S. and the
Soviet Union.
In 1948, England, France and the
U.S. combined their zones into a
single democratic government
(West Germany).
Formation of East Germany
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The Soviet Union responded by
forming a Communist nation,
East Germany.
The Division of Berlin
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Berlin, the capital city, was
located in East Germany.
It was divided in half also.
East Berlin was under Soviet
Communist control.
West Berlin was free and
Democratic.
East and West Germany
British, French
and American
zones become
West Germany
East Germany
Under Soviet
Communist
Control
Capital: Berlin.
Also divided
into east and
west.
BERLIN BLOCKADE
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The Soviets were opposed to
Marshall Plan aid to West
Germany
June 1948 Soviets blocked all
land shipments of food and other
needed supplies to 2.5 million
inhabitants of West Berlin
BERLIN BLOCKADE
Truman did not want to risk a
war with the Soviets by using
military force.
 Truman organized an airlift to
fly supplies into West Berlin
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BERLIN BLOCKADE
West Berlin was
non-communist,
but it was
surrounded
entirely by
Soviet territory.
Nothing/Nobody
went in or out
over land.
East Berlin
was under
communist
control.
The Berlin
Wall ran
through the
center of the
city, dividing
east from
west.
200,000 flights brought food to West Berliners
BERLIN AIRLIFT
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American and British pilots
300 days
200,000 flights
13,000 tons of goods daily
Total of 1.5 million tons of goods
Soviets gave up the blockade in
May 1949
The Marshall Plan and the Berlin Blockade
KOREA
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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At the end of World War II, Japan
surrendered its control of Korea
to the Allies
Forces north of the 38th parallel
were surrendered to the Soviets
Forces south of the 38th parallel
were surrendered to the
Americans
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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A Communist regime was
established in the north
A pro-American government
formed in the south
1949 – all occupying forces left
both regions
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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1950 – North Korean troops
invaded South Korea in an
attempt to reunite the two
countries under Communism
The United Nations branded the
invasion an act of aggression and
called on member nations to
defend South Korea
North and
South Korea
38th
Parallel
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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President Truman assumed that
the invasion had been planned
and backed by the Soviets
Truman ordered American air and
naval support for South Korea
Congress never formally declared
war on North Korea
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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General Douglas MacArthur
commanded the American troops in
Korea
Nov. 1950 - He launched on
offensive planned to drive the N.
Korean forces all the way across the
Chinese border
Chinese forces pushed the South
Koreans back to the 38th parallel
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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MacArthur insisted that American
forces lead an attack against the
China mainland
Truman would not agree
MacArthur was relieved of his
command in April 1951
The war continued 2 more years
End of the Korean Conflict
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Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected
in 1952
He threatens to use atomic
weapons and peace talks between
North and South make progress
1953 – Truce is signed leaving the
country divided at about the 38th
parallel
The 38th Parallel
The border between N. and S. Korea. Peace talks between
the two take place in the blue buildings. The tables cross
the border and each side sits on their own territory.
KOREA TODAY
North Korea is still a Communist
nation and a threat to world peace;
as far as they are concerned, the
war is not over.
Video: The Korean War
7:00
Video: The Korean War
9:12
Kim Jong II
Dictator of North
Korea
.
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
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General from
World War II
Elected in 1952
Continued
policies of
containment
Concluded the
Korean conflict
MILITARY INDUSTRIAL
COMPLEX
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U.S. became permanently
mobilized – over 1 million troops
around the world
Military spending ½ federal
budget by 1960
Military, science, and industry
became linked in create new
weapons technology and
employing 3.5 million Americans
Military spending today
SPUTNIK I
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1957
Launched by Soviets
1st satellite launched into orbit
It showed that the U.S. was no
longer ahead in aeronautical
technology
Started the “space race”
Model of
Sputnik I
The last remaining
piece of Sputnik I
on display in the
National Air and
Space Museum.
NATIONAL DEFENSE
EDUCATION ACT
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1958 –
To compete with the Communists
scientific advances
Congress approved more money to
improve schools and required students
to complete more math and science
courses.
Provided low-cost loans to college
students
NASA
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Created by U.S. Government in
1958
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
An independent agency for space
exploration
Space Race Heroes
Yuri Gagarin—First Man in
Space.
John Glenn—First
American to Orbit the
Earth.
Neil Armstrong—First man
to walk on the moon.
Video: Space Race
THE COLD WAR
IV. DOMESTIC
POLITICS
G.I. BILL
A law passed in 1944 to
help WWII veterans
purchase homes and pay
for college.
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade
Tried to encourage economic
development by limiting tariffs
to decrease the cost of
imported products.
Understanding McCarthy
MCCARTHYISM
Similar to the Red Scare, 1
Senator Joseph McCarthy
launched a campaign in the
1950s to expel all communists
from the U.S. Government
committees would falsely
accuse Americans of being
communist spies.
New Red Scare
MCCARTHYISM
McCarthy wanted to limit
freedom of the press and
speech to keep people from
even talking about
communism.
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Fear!!!!
22nd Amendment (1947)
Limits presidents to full
terms. No president can
serve more than 10 years
(2 terms, plus less than ½
of a predecessor’s
unfinished term).
THE COLD WAR
V. LIFE IN THE 1950s
PROSPERITY AGAIN
1
The 1950s were a period of
economic growth. Wages
increased. Minimum Wage
increased. Standard of living
was on the rise.
Unemployment rate
continually dropped.
PROSPERITY AGAIN
Homes, cars, furniture, and
new appliances all become
readily available. Largely due
to the amount of spending on
military and space-related
industries.
CONSUMERISM
INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
President Eisenhower wanted a
modern network of highways that
could be used to move military
men, supplies, and equipment
around the nation in the event of a
national catastrophe. The project
created over 150,000 jobs and
helped increase the economic
boom of the 1950s.
THE BABY BOOM
The uncertainty of war makes
people rush decisions that might
usually take longer to make, such
as having children. WWII
combined with the prosperity of the
50s caused a huge surge in the
number of births throughout the
late 40s and 50s. These people
are called the “Baby Boomers.”
THE BABY BOOM
Baby BOOM!
SUBURBS
With prosperity, more people
could afford homes in the
suburbs. Housing developments
on the outskirts of major cities
begin to develop.
CARS!!!!
Rock the Suburbs
JONAS SALK
invents a vaccine for
Polio, a disease that
affected the nervous
system and left the victim
paralyzed. FDR was one
of the most prominent
Americans who had
suffered from Polio as a
child.
Salk to the Rescue
TELEVISION- CONSUMERISM
During the 1950s
televisions became
very affordable.
Popular shows like I
Love Lucy and the
Mickey Mouse Club
kept American families
glued to the TV.
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TELEVISION
Advertisers could reach a
mass audience through
commercials during popular
programs. Government
officials could continue to
reach a large audience with
important announcements.
T.V. is Here!
COMPUTERS
The first computers
had been developed
during WWII, but
the invention of the
transistor allowed
computers to begin
their transformation
into the PC’s that
we use today.
Mind Your Manners…
THE 1960S
I. POLITICAL
PROGRAMS
THE NEW FRONTIER
Kennedy’s social program to
improve the economy, help
the poor, and speed up the
space race. Pushed tax cuts,
increased minimum wage,
and increased the Equal Pay
Act’s protection.
THE GREAT SOCIETY
LBJ’s social program to
decrease poverty, spend more
on education, improve
healthcare, improve voting
rights, increase conservation
and beautification programs,
increase urban renewal projects,
and stimulate the economy.
MEDICARE (1965)
provides hospital and lowcost medical insurance for
most Americans 65 and
older.
MEDICAID (1965)
provides low-cost medical
insurance for poor
Americans at any age who
could not afford their own
private health insurance.
THE 1960S
III. COLD WAR CRISIS
The Kennedy Years
1961-1963
Kennedy’s Predecessors
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Harry S Truman, 19451953
– Party: Democratic
– Nickname: “Give ‘em Hell
Harry”
– “I fired MacArthur
because he wouldn’t
respect the authority of
the president. I didn’t fire
him because he was a
dumb son of a b****,
although he was, but
that’s not against
generals. If it was, half to
three-quarters of them
would be in jail.”
Kennedy’s Predecessors
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Dwight D.
Eisenhower,
1953-1961
– Party:
Republican
– Nickname: “Ike”
– “I just won’t get
into a pissing
contest with
that skunk
(referring to
The Election of 1960
John F. Kennedy
Richard M. Nixon
-Relatively
-Experienced
inexperienced
politician
-Born into a wealthy
-Ike’s Vice President*
Family
-Widely traveled and
-Young and
Experienced with
*Eisenhower hesitated
charismatic
foreign
to endorse Nixon
as the
Rep. nominee
-Catholic
Policy
Audio from debate
THE ELECTION OF 1960
Who wins?
Who looks better?
THE ELECTION OF 1960
Kennedy’s Challenges
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Khrushchev and the U.S.S.R.
– Soviets had already shot down a U-2 spy
plane while Ike was in office.
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Botched Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba
A stalled civil rights agenda but most
importantly…
The Cuban Missile Crisis- more on this
tomorrow
The Kennedy “Mystique”
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Camelot
A New John F. Kennedy?
JFK Politics
1960-1963…
John F. Kennedy
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1917-1963
Democrat who served as President
from 1961-1963
First Catholic President and the
youngest President at the time.
Born in Massachusetts
Married Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
Onassis
Had 3 children, one died days after his
John F. Kennedy
JFK administration
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Flexible responsethe Green Berets.
Peace Corps sends
American volunteers
to work for 2 years
in developing
countries
Alliance for Progress
gave $$ to Latin
American countries
in exchange for
democratic reforms
The Kennedy’s
Bay of Pigs
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CIA plot to overthrow Castro.
Ike had been looking at the options and JFK
hated that there was a communist
government 90 miles from the US.
Invasion was planned for April of 1961.
It was a disaster. “it made the US look like
fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies,
and incompetents to the rest.”
JFK said that the CIA made the
decision and so he vowed to take a
more active role in foreign affairs.
Bay of Pigs Video
Fidel Castro
Missiles of October 1962
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August 22, 1962 JFK confirmed reports
of Soviet techs and supplies arriving in
Cuba
October 14, Aerial surveillance revealed
missiles in Cuba
October 22, JFK addressed the nation on
Soviet threat and announced a
“quarantine” of Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis,
1962
October 23, The USSR
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warned that US actions
could lead to a nuclear
war.
October 27, JFK accepted
Khrushchev’s proposal to
end the crisis: Soviets
removed the missiles and
US ended the blockadepromising not to invade
Cuba.
October 28, Khrushchev
announced that weapons
would be returned to the
USSR.
N. Khrushchev and the
concessions
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The US would
remove all missiles
from Turkey within
6 months of the
Soviets being out of
Cuba.
The missiles in
Turkey were
outdated and
probably
dysfunctional.
Outcomes…
Limited
Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty
HOT
LINE direct
to the Kremlin!
FIDEL CASTRO
Communist dictator of Cuba
who had ties to the Soviet
Union. He’s still the dictator
of Cuba.
U-2 SPYPLANE INCIDENT
The U.S. had been spying on the
Soviets with spy planes. Ike
denied that the U.S. had any
such programs. Tensions
mounted when one of our U-2
spy planes crashed in Soviet
territory, and our pilot was
captured.