Transcript Second Iraq War 2003 to 2008

CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Second Iraq War
2003 to 2008
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
1
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Invasion of
Iraq
Al-Qaeda
Post-Invasion
Iraq
End
Show
Table of Contents
Leading up
to the War
Operation
2000 Presidential September 11
Desert Fox
Election
Attacks
Preparing for
Operation Iraqi Operation Iraqi
Iraq & Al-Qaeda
Invasion
Freedom
Freedom Cont’d
Iraqi
The Heir
The Deaths of
Operation
Resistance
Apparent
Uday and Qusay
Red Dawn
Trial of
Execution of
War in Iraq
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein
2008
CICERO © 2008
2
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Invasion of Iraq
March 20–May 1, 2003
The Coalition Forces, led by the United
States, invaded the country of Iraq on
March 20, 2003. This event started the
United States war with the Iraqi
government. This war pitted the United
States and the Coalition Forces against Iraq
and the Ba’ath Party. According to U.S.
President George W. Bush, the purpose of
going to war with Iraq was to “disarm Iraq
of weapons of mass destruction, to end
Saddam Hussein’s support for terrorism,
and to free the Iraqi people.”
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
3
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Leading Up to the War
Following the Gulf War Invasion of 1991, the world tried to contain the country
of Iraq. The new policies established were economic sanctions, and the
implementation of United States and United Kingdom patrols of Iraqi no-fly
zones, designed to protect the Kurds in northern Iraq and the Shiites in southern
Iraq. However, toward the end of the millennium, the United States’ policy
switched from containment to a regime change. President Bill Clinton signed
the “Iraq Liberation Act.” This act was signed in response to Iraq ending its
cooperation with the United Nations weapons inspection. The act provided Iraq
with $97 million to establish a democracy in Iraq. A month after the act was
passed, the United States and United Kingdom launched a bombing campaign
on various Iraqi targets in response to violations of the U.N. sanctions. That
campaign was called Operation Desert Fox.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
4
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Operation Desert Fox
December 16–19, 1998
Operation Desert Fox was a four-day bombing
campaign on the country of Iraq, by the United
States and United Kingdom. This was in
response to Iraq’s unwillingness to comply with
the United Nations Security Council resolutions,
and for not cooperating with United Nations
Special Commission Inspectors. This was the
start to the Iraqi disarmament crisis. The United
States was also looking to disrupt Saddam
Hussein’s grip on the Iraqi government. The
result of the bombardment was the destruction
of much of Iraq’s infrastructure, and close to
2,000 deaths.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
5
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
2000 Presidential Election
The Republican Party Campaign
During the 2000 presidential election, George W.
Bush and the Republican Party moved toward a
more active policy. That policy was “regime
change” in Iraq. The Republican Party wanted to
fully implement the Iraq Liberation Act and
remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. A
couple of Bush’s advisers already had dealings
with Hussein Vice President Dick Cheney was
the Secretary of Defense during the First Gulf
War. In 1983, Bush’s Secretary of Defense,
Donald Rumsfeld met with Hussein during the
Iran-Iraq War. At that time, the United States
provided weapons to Iraq. By 2000, Cheney and
Rumsfeld were strong advocates for the invasion
of Iraq. Former Secretary of the Treasury Paul
O’Neill said the Bush administration had plans to
invade Iraq since the presidential inauguration.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
6
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
September 11 Attacks
On September 11, 2001, four commercial
airplanes were hijacked. American Airlines
Flight 11 was the first to crash into the
North Tower of the World Trade Center.
The second plane, United Airlines Flight
175, crashed into the South Tower. The
third plane, American Airlines Flight 77,
crashed into the Pentagon. The fourth
plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was
expected to head toward the Capitol
Building in Washington, D.C. Passengers
onboard, however, prevented that from
happening, but the plane crashed in a field
in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
United 175 crashing into
the South Tower
After American
Airlines Flight 77
crash
7
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
End
Show
Al-Qaeda
Almost 3,000 people died that day, and more
than 6,000 people were injured. It was the
largest attack on American soil since Pearl
Harbor. The Sunni Islamic militant
organization known as al-Qaeda, led by
Osama bin Laden, claimed responsibility. It
is also assumed that the Taliban organization
in Afghanistan cooperated with al-Qaeda’s
planned attacks. A U.S.-led coalition
invaded Afghanistan after the Taliban
refused to turn over Osama bin Laden and
other al-Qaeda members. Coalition forces
overthrew the Taliban, with help from the
Afghan opposition to the Taliban, the
Northern Alliance.
A new government was set up that was
favorable to the United States, but bin Laden
and many of his men escaped into the
mountains of Pakistan.
8
CICERO © 2008
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Iraq and Al-Qaeda
The reasoning for invading Iraq as a response to the September 11 attacks has
been highly debated. Prior to the attacks, there were no direct links between Iraq,
Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden, and al-Qaeda. However, on September 20,
President Bush addressed Congress, and formally announced the United States
newly established War on Terrorism. Many of Bush’s advisers wanted to invade
Iraq. Bush went in another direction and decided the best course of action was to
form a coalition and get U.N. authorization to invade Iraq unilaterally. Bush
began making his push for the invasion of Iraq in late 2002. The new resolution,
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, was passed in November
2002. This was Iraq’s final chance to comply with United States Weapons
inspection.
Throughout this time, the Bush administration claimed it had intelligence
proving that Iraq still had weapons of mass destruction (WMD), including a
nuclear weapons program. It also claimed that Saddam Hussein was directly
supporting al-Qaeda terrorists.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
9
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Preparing for Invasion
March 2003
President Bush meeting with his
advisers right before the invasion
of Iraq
End
Show
In March 2003, the coalition, led by the United
States and United Kingdom, began its preparations
for the impending invasion of Iraq. In the middle of
March, President Bush demanded that Saddam
Hussein, along with his two sons Uday and Qusay,
surrender and leave Iraq. He gave the men a 48-hour
deadline. After the deadline expired, the bombing of
Iraq by the coalition began on March 18, 2003.
Unlike the first Iraq War in 1991, the United Nations
did not back this coalition and questioned the
accuracy of U.S. intelligence information.
President Bush referred to the coalition he had
assembled as the “Coalition of the Willing.”
CICERO © 2008
10
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 20–April 30, 2003
The invasion of Iraq, codenamed Operation Iraqi Freedom, began at 5:24 a.m. on March
20, 2003 in Baghdad. In the invasion, there were eight military objectives. Each of the
eight dealt with key points laid out in President Bush’s National Security Strategy:
• Remove Saddam Hussein from power.
• Search, discover, and eliminate weapons of mass destruction.
• Capture and drive out the terrorist element.
• Obtain intelligence related to terrorist networks.
• Accumulate intelligence that is related to the illicit network of weapons of mass
destruction.
• Distribute humanitarian aid to those in need.
• Secure Iraqi oil fields.
• Transition Iraq to a democratic government.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
11
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Continued
Operation Iraqi Freedom was the largest
Special Operations mission since the
Vietnam War. The “special ops” team
found a possible chemical weapons plant,
and also the possible location of a number
of al-Qaeda officials. The Iraqi Army did
not stand a chance against the coalition
military. The Saddam Hussein regime
officially fell on April 9, 2003. This ended
Hussein’s rule over Iraq after twenty-four
years. Symbolically, American troops
helped the civilians tear down the statue of
the dictator. When American Marines took
control of Hussein’s hometown of Tikrit,
the invasion was over.
End
Show
The statue of Saddam Hussein being pulled down
by United States troops
CICERO © 2008
12
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Post-Invasion Iraq
On May 1, 2003, President Bush landed in a
Lockheed S-3 Viking aboard the USS Abraham
Lincoln operating off the coast of San Diego.
On board the Abraham Lincoln, Bush gave his
famous “Mission Accomplished” speech. In the
speech, Bush declared victory over Iraq’s
military forces, but Saddam Hussein was still in
hiding and coalition forces were still being met
with insurgent forces.
President Bush addresses sailors aboard the
USS Abraham Lincoln
End
Show
Since the fall of the Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi
government was in disarray. There was massive
looting of government buildings, museums,
banks and military facilities. According to the
Pentagon, 250,000 tons of Iraqi ammunition
were stolen as well. These provided much
support for a rise in Iraqi insurgency. Millions
of dollars in U.S. currency were also missing.
CICERO © 2008
13
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Iraqi Resistance
The coalition referred to the Iraqi resistance as
“Anti-Iraqi Forces.” Most of the original Iraqi
resistance came from the loyalists of Saddam
Hussein and Baath Party. Since the invasion,
however, many religious radicals and Iraqi
civilians were angered over the occupation of
Coalition troops. Baghdad, Al Anbar, and Salah
Ad Din were the provinces hit the hardest by
insurgent attacks. These insurgents were known
for their guerrilla tactics, the use of improvised
explosive devices (IEDs) and rocket-propelled
grenades (RPGs), and suicide bombings.
Iraqi insurgent
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
14
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
The Heir Apparent
Uday and Qusay Hussein were the two oldest
sons of Saddam Hussein and his heir apparent.
Qusay, Saddam’s number two, was a quiet
family man who kept a low profile, and Uday,
Saddam’s oldest son, was a ruthless rapist and
murderer who took joy in brutalizing people.
Uday was thought to be the first heir apparent,
but do to his ruthlessness and extravagant
lifestyle, he was passed over for Qusay.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
Uday Hussein
Qusay Hussein
15
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
The Deaths of
Uday and Qusay Hussein
July 22, 2003
With the help of United States Army 101st Airborne Division, the
Task Force 20 raided the home occupied by Uday, Qusay, and
Qusay’s 14-yearold son, Mustapha, located in the northern Iraqi
city known as Mosul. The 101st Airborne provided cover, while
Task Force 20 apprehended the brothers. To draw out Uday, the
troops took his Lamborghini. Uday came out firing, and the troops
retreated back outside. U.S. forces began firing on the house. After
four hours, the shooting stopped. The troops entered the house to
find four bodies, one being the brothers’ bodyguard. The troops
proceeded through the rooms and were fired upon by Qusay’s son
Mustapha. The soldiers had no other choice, but to shoot back,
killing Mustapha. They believe he was protecting the bodies of his
father and uncle. The brothers bodies were identified a day later
with the use of dental records. Iraqi civilians openly celebrated in
the streets.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
U.S. Special Forces watch as a
TOW Missile strikes the side of
the house occupied by Uday and
Qusay Hussein.
16
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Operation Red Dawn
December 13, 2003
This was a military operation set by the United States
military in the early morning of December 13, 2003 in
the small town of ad-Dawr, near Saddam Hussein’s
hometown of Tikrit. The operation resulted in the
capture of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein,
based upon a tip to his whereabouts. He was discovered
hiding in a small mud-walled compound, known as a
“spider hole.” Hussein did not resist when captured, but
he was armed with a pistol and a AK-47 rifle. They,
also, found in his possession, $750,000 in $100 bills.
Saddam’s brother and his former cook were also taken
into custody.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
Saddam Hussein being pulled from a
spider hole by an Iraqi-American
translator
17
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Trial of
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein’s trial began on October 19, 2005 in
front of the Special Iraqi Tribunal. He was tried
alongside seven other defendants. They were being
tried for crimes against humanity, specifically the
events that transpired after an assassination attempt
on him. Hussein accused one hundred and forty-eight
Iraqi Shiites for the attempt on his life and had them
executed. During the trial, Hussein maintained that
he was still president of Iraq, and he was unjustly
overthrown. Hussein was convicted and on
November 5, 2006, was sentenced to death.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
Saddam Hussein at the Iraqi
Special Tribunal
18
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
Execution of
Saddam Hussein
December 30, 2006
Hussein appealed the sentencing of death, but on
December 26, the appeal was rejected and sentencing
was upheld. Hussein was set to executed within thirty
days. Days before his execution, he wrote a letter to
the Ba’ath Party, advising the party not to be angry
with the people who invaded Iraq, but to hate the
decision-makers. He explained he was proud to die as
a martyr, and he was ready to die. He was executed at
6 a.m. on December 30, 2006.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
19
CICERO
History Beyond The Textbook
War in Iraq
2008
As of mid-2008, it had been five years since President George
W. Bush gave his “Mission Accomplished” speech aboard the
USS Abraham Lincoln, and the United States was still
occupying Iraq. American troops were fighting in Iraq, years
after the capture and execution of the Iraqi dictator Saddam
Hussein. More than 4,000 American troops had been killed. A
new Iraqi government had been set up, but sectarian conflicts
between Shiite and Sunni Muslim factions, terrorist groups
who had come into the country and resistance against U.S.
occupation forces resulted in years of urban guerrilla
insurgency verging on civil war.
Approaching the 2008 Presidential elections in the United
States, President Bush anticipated U.S. forces remaining in Iraq
for an indefinite time. The Democratic candidate, Barack
Obama, promised to seek an end to the war and withdrawal of
U.S. troops. Republican candidate John McCain accused the
Bush administration of gross mismanagement of the war, but
felt it necessary to follow it through to victory. The outcome of
the War in Iraq in 2008 was still quite unclear.
End
Show
CICERO © 2008
Operation Phantom Phoenix
20