Transcript Section 3 - Streetsboro City Schools

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: America Enters a
New Century
Section 2: The War on
Terrorism Begins
Section 3: The Invasion of Iraq
Section 4: A Time of Challenges
Visual Summary
How Does the Passage of Time
Affect the Way Events Are
Understood?
As the United States entered the
twenty-first century, combating
terrorism at home and abroad became
a national priority. The attacks on the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon
resulted in wars in Afghanistan and
Iraq. The wars as well as new security
policies led to great controversy in
American politics.
• What previous events in American
history have forced the nation to
dramatically change its policies and
actions?
• How should the United States
respond to terrorism to prevent it
from happening again?
America Enters a New
Century
When an election’s results
are uncertain or disputed,
how do you think the
problem should be
resolved?
The War on Terrorism
Begins
What challenges might
governments face in
fighting terrorism?
The Invasion of Iraq
How do you think the
United States carries out
its foreign policy?
A Time of Challenges
How might unexpected
events affect a country’s
politics and government?
Big Ideas
Government and Society A very close presidential
election saw a shift in power in the White House, as
George W. Bush became the forty-third President of
the United States.
Content Vocabulary
• chad
• strategic defense
Academic Vocabulary
• priority
• controversial
People and Events to Identify
• Al Gore
• George W. Bush
• Ralph Nader
Do you think that standardized
testing is a true measure of your
knowledge?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Election of 2000
In one of the closest presidential races
in history, involving vote recounts and
the Supreme Court, George W. Bush
became president.
The Election of 2000 (cont.)
• In the 2000 election, Republican George W.
Bush ran against Democrat Al Gore.
• The campaign revolved around the question
of what to do with surplus tax revenues.
• Ralph Nader entered the race as the
nominee of the Green Party.
The Election of 2000
The Election of 2000 (cont.)
• The 2000 election was one of the closest in
American history.
• The election came down to the Florida
vote—both men needed its 25 electoral
votes to win.
• The results in Florida were so close
that state law required a recount
of the ballots.
The Election of 2000
The Election of 2000 (cont.)
• The problem for vote counters was how to
count a ballot if the chad was still partially
attached.
• On November 26, Florida officials certified
Bush the winner by 537 votes.
The Election of 2000
Nader was known for which of the
following views?
A. Strong environmentalism
B. Cutting taxes
C. Raising taxes
D. Improving public
education
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Bush Becomes President
George W. Bush supported the
enactment of a tax cut, the No Child
Left Behind program, and a strategic
defense system.
Bush Becomes President (cont.)
• Once in office, Bush made the following
changes:
– Congress passed a large $1.35 trillion tax
cut to be phased in over 10 years.
– He instituted the No Child Left Behind Act.
– He added prescription drug benefits to
Medicare.
Bush Becomes President (cont.)
– Due to a rash of corporate scandals,
Congress passed the Public Company
Accounting Reform and Investor
Protection Act.
• Bush strongly favored strategic defense.
Which reform in education did
Congress refuse?
A. Paying for disadvantaged
children to attend private schools
0%
0%
0%
D
0%
C
D. Paying teachers a higher salary
A
B
C
D
B
C. Giving more money to music and
art programs in public schools
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B. Giving federal funds to
private schools
Big Ideas
Government and Society Acts of terrorism against
the United States prompted George W. Bush to declare
“War on Terror.”
Content Vocabulary
• terrorism
• state-sponsored terrorism
• anthrax
Academic Vocabulary
• resolve
• interpretation
• obtain
People and Events to Identify
• Osama bin Laden
• al-Qaeda
Do you feel that the United States is
adequately guarded against another
terrorist attack?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
September 11, 2001
The terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center and the Pentagon
shocked and alarmed Americans;
almost immediately, combating
terrorism became the nation’s top
priority.
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
• The attacks of 9/11 killed all 266
passengers and crewmembers on the four
hijacked planes.
• Another 125 people died in the Pentagon.
• In New York City, nearly 3,000 people died.
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
• On September 14, Bush declared a national
emergency.
• Intelligence sources and the FBI quickly
identified the attacks as the work of
Osama bin Laden and his organization,
al-Qaeda.
• The attacks were acts of terrorism.
Major Terrorist Attacks
Involving Al-Qaeda, 1993–2006
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
• The reasons that Middle Eastern terrorists
have targeted Americans are as follows:
– For supporting the wealthy Middle Eastern
kingdoms and families through the oil
industry
– For spreading Western ideas and
threatening traditional values
– For supporting Israel
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
• Middle East nations realized they could fight
Israel and the U.S. by providing terrorists
with money, weapons, and training—called
state-sponsored terrorism.
• Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda
in 1988.
• In 1998 he called on Muslims to kill
Americans.
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
• Al-Qaeda made several terrorist attacks:
– They set off bombs at the American
embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
– In 1999, terrorists were arrested while
trying to smuggle explosives into the U.S.
in an attempt to bomb Seattle.
– In October 2000, they crashed a boat
loaded with explosives into the USS Cole.
September 11, 2001 (cont.)
– On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda
struck again.
More Americans were killed in the attacks of
September 11, 2001 than died at Pearl
Harbor or on D-Day in World War II.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
A New War Begins
The war on terrorism involved halting
terrorists’ access to funding and
launching a war in Afghanistan.
A New War Begins (cont.)
• One effective way to fight terrorist groups is
to cut off their funding.
• On September 24, President Bush issued an
executive order freezing the financial assets
of several individuals and groups suspected
of terrorism.
• President Bush created a new federal
agency—the Office of Homeland Security.
A New War Begins (cont.)
• In October 2001, Bush signed the USA
Patriot Act—an antiterrorist bill.
• In June 2002, Bush asked Congress to
combine all of the agencies responsible for
the public’s safety into a new department
called the Department of Homeland Security.
A New War Begins (cont.)
• Terrorists also used the mail to spread
anthrax.
• The FBI began investigating the attack, but
no suspects were arrested.
• On October 7, 2001, the U.S. began
bombing al-Qaeda’s camps and the Taliban’s
military forces in Afghanistan.
A New War Begins (cont.)
• Bush claimed that the war on terrorism
would continue until victory was achieved.
The USA Patriot Act permits the following actions
EXCEPT
A. Conducting secret searches to
avoid tipping off suspects
0%
D
C
D. Tracking Internet communications
and seizing voice mail
A
C. Forcing terrorist suspects to
stand trial in the United States
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
B
B. Obtaining a nation wide search
warrant usable in any jurisdiction
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration In an effort to fight
terrorism, the United States launched attacks in both
Afghanistan and Iraq.
Content Vocabulary
• weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
Academic Vocabulary
• inspector
• significantly
• eliminate
People and Events to Identify
• Northern Alliance
• Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
• “axis of evil”
• Saddam Hussein
Should United States military forces
leave Iraq?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The War on Terror Continues
After forcing Taliban leaders in
Afghanistan to flee, the United States
and its allies sent more troops as
peacekeepers and worked to create a
stable and democratic government.
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)
• Less than a month after the September 11
attacks, the United States launched a war in
Afghanistan with the goal of bringing down
the Taliban regime that had sheltered
Osama bin Laden and other members of
al-Qaeda.
The Global War on Terror, 2001–2007
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)
• While American warplanes bombed the
Taliban’s forces, the United States began
sending military aid to the Northern
Alliance.
• In December 2001, the Taliban government
collapsed, and surviving Taliban fled to the
mountains of Afghanistan.
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)
• In 2003 NATO took command of
peacekeeping in Afghanistan.
• Despite many successes, Afghanistan
continues to suffer from violence.
• Osama bin Laden remains at large in the
mountainous region of Warizistan.
• Since 2001 the United States and its allies
have continued their worldwide hunt for
al-Qaeda members.
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)
• In 2003 Pakistan and the U.S. captured
Khalid Shaikh Mohammed—one of the
highest-ranking members of al-Qaeda.
Who was elected president of
Afghanistan in 2004?
A. Saddam Hussein
B. Hamid Karzai
C. Donald Rumsfeld
D. Colin Powell
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Concern that Iraq might be producing
WMDs that could be given to terrorists
led to an ultimatum.
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
(cont.)
• After 9/11, President Bush and his advisers
were deeply concerned that terrorist groups
might acquire weapons of mass destruction.
• In his State of the Union speech in 2002,
President Bush warned that an “axis of
evil” made up of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea
posed a grave threat to the world.
• Soon after the American election in 2002,
the UN approved a new resolution.
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
• If Saddam Hussein wanted peace he
would have to do the following:
(cont.)
– Give up Iraq’s weapons of mass
destruction
– Readmit the UN weapons inspectors
– Stop supporting terrorism
– Stop oppressing his people
Which “axis of evil” nation is believed
to be the most immediate danger?
A. Iraq
B. Iran
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. North Korea
Confronting Iraq
Coalition forces defeated the Iraqi
military, but then factions in Iraq took
up arms against coalition forces and
each other.
Confronting Iraq (cont.)
• By March 2003, the weapons inspectors still
found nothing, and the U.S. began
pressuring the UN to authorize the use of
force against Iraq.
• As war became imminent, world opinion
divided between those who supported the
United States and those who did not.
Confronting Iraq (cont.)
• On March 20, 2003, the U.S.-led coalition
forces attacked Iraq.
• Saddam Hussein was captured in late 2003
and executed in 2006.
• The quick victory did not end the fighting.
Confronting Iraq (cont.)
• Having gone to war in Iraq to overthrow a
tyrant and eliminate the possibility of
weapons of mass destruction being given to
terrorists, the U.S. found itself trying to
suppress an insurgency, prevent a civil war,
and establish a new Iraqi government.
• If America pulled troops out too soon, Iraq
might fall into civil war and provide a safe
haven and breeding ground for terrorist groups.
Confronting Iraq (cont.)
• The longer the U.S. stayed, the more its
presence might stir resentment and support
for the terrorist groups.
• The best solution seemed to be to get a
functioning and democratic Iraqi government
up and running as fast as possible and then
train its forces to take over the security of
the country.
Which of the following countries supported
Bush’s decision to go to war with Iraq?
A. France
B
E. None of the above
A
0%
0%
E
D. Turkey
D
C. Canada
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
D.0% D0%
E. E
C
B. Russia
Big Ideas
Government and Society During President Bush’s
second term, the Republicans faced scandal and a
national disaster that led to the Democrats gaining
control of Congress in 2007.
Content Vocabulary
• “earmark”
Academic Vocabulary
• monitor
• procedure
People and Events to Identify
• Abu Ghraib
• Guantanamo Bay
• National Security Agency (NSA)
• John G. Roberts, Jr.
• Samuel Alito, Jr.
• Nancy Pelosi
Should the Geneva Conventions
apply to the prisoners held at
Guantanamo Bay?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Election of 2004
After a campaign that centered on the
war in Iraq and the war on terror, Bush
was reelected.
The Election of 2004 (cont.)
• Bush’s approval rating began to fall due to
many events:
– the long war in Iraq
– failure to capture Osama bin Laden
– failure of the inspectors to find any
weapons in Iraq
– the scandal of Abu Ghraib
The Election of 2004 (cont.)
• Bush narrowly beat John Kerry in the 2004
election.
The Election of 2004
Which of the following candidates promised
to raise taxes on the wealthy to fund wider
health care coverage and strengthen
Social Security?
A. Bush
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. Kerry
Security vs. Liberty
The Supreme Court rejected President
Bush’s interpretation of the rights and
legal status of prisoners at
Guantanamo Bay.
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)
• In 2004 President Bush decided to hold
captured members of al-Qaeda at the
American military base in Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba.
• The Supreme Court disagreed with the
administration’s decisions about the
prisoners.
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)
• In negotiations with Congress, the president
agreed that prisoners would have the right to
see the evidence against them, and any
evidence obtained by torture would be
inadmissible.
• Bush also agreed to uphold the Geneva
Conventions.
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)
• As part of the war on terror, the National
Security Agency (NSA) expanded its practice
of monitoring overseas telephone calls.
• In August 2006, a federal judge declared the
warrantless wiretapping to be unconstitutional.
Why did Bush’s administration decide that the
prisoners at Guantanamo Bay did not have the right
to appeal their detentions to an American court?
A. The prisoners were not
U.S. citizens.
0%
D
A
D. All of the above
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. The prisoners were not part
of any nation’s armed forces.
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. The prisoners were illegal
enemy combatants.
A Stormy Second Term
Bush appointed two new Supreme
Court justices; his second term was
marred by a hurricane, the ongoing
war, and scandals.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• Although Bush’s plan to reform Social Security
failed, he did convince Congress to enact a
new prescription drug program for seniors.
• Early in Bush’s second term, two vacancies
occurred on the U.S. Supreme Court,
enabling him to move the Court in a more
conservative direction.
• Bush nominated John G. Roberts, Jr. and
Samuel Alito, Jr.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina
smashed into the Gulf Coast of the United
States, spreading devastation from Florida to
Louisiana.
• After the hurricane passed, rising waters
breached the levees that protected New
Orleans.
• To the public, President Bush, the mayor of
New Orleans, the governor of Louisiana, and
the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) all responded inadequately.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• Only the Coast Guard seemed able to act
quickly.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• Many voters quickly grew disenchanted with
the Republican majority in Congress for four
reasons:
– Federal spending rose rapidly
– The ongoing cost of the war in Iraq
– Both Republicans and Democrats added
“earmarks” to spending bills.
– A series of scandals
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• The mounting violence in Iraq led a majority of
Americans to conclude they no longer approved
of the president’s handling of the war.
• When Republicans rejected a timetable and
supported the president, they turned the
congressional elections of 2006 into a
referendum on the war.
• The Democrats won a majority in both the
House and the Senate for the first time
since 1992.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• House Democrats then elected California
Representative Nancy Pelosi to be the first
female Speaker of the House of
Representatives.
• The president announced a new plan to “surge”
some 20,000 more troops to Iraq to restore
order in Baghdad.
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)
• Led by Nancy Pelosi and John Murtha, House
Democrats passed a resolution opposing the
strategy and began searching for ways to force
the president to set a deadline for pulling troops
out of Iraq.
• By spring 2007, the ultimate outcome was still
uncertain.
Whose name did President Bush
withdraw from the Supreme Court
nomination?
A. Harriet Miers
B. Condoleezza Rice
C. David Petraeus
D. Robert Gates
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11
• The rise of the oil industry in the
Middle East makes many elites
wealthy but leaves many people
poor and resentful.
• The oil trade with Europe and the
United States brings Western ideas and
culture into the Middle East; many feel
their traditional Muslim values are being
undermined and militant Muslim
movements form.
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11
• The founding of Israel in 1948
angers many Arabs, especially
Palestinians. European and
American support for Israel angers
many in the Middle East.
• The Soviets invade Afghanistan
in 1979; Muslims from across the
Middle East, including Osama bin
Laden, go to fight the Soviet troops.
• Osama bin Laden forms al-Qaeda to help drive the
Soviets out of Afghanistan and all Westerners out of
the Middle East.
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11
• Iraq invades Kuwait leading to the
deployment of American troops in
Saudi Arabia, angering Muslim
militants, including Osama
bin Laden.
• The Soviet pullout from Afghanistan
leads to a militant group, the Taliban,
taking power and offering aid and shelter
to bin Laden.
• Al-Qaeda, based in Afghanistan, stages a series of
attacks on Americans, culminating in the attack on
September 11, 2001.
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11
• Initially, the 9/11 attack unifies Americans and leads to
an outpouring of support to the people of New York.
• President Bush declares a global war on terror to put
an end to terrorist groups that threaten Americans.
• The United States launches attacks
on the Taliban and helps local forces
overthrow their regime. NATO troops
then enter Afghanistan to serve as
peacekeepers.
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11
• Congress passes the Patriot Act giving the FBI
additional powers to help prevent another attack in the
United States.
• Congress creates the Department of Homeland
Security.
• The Bush administration decides
that preventing terrorist groups from
getting weapons of mass destruction
is a high priority.
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11
• The United States, backed by a coalition of allies,
invades Iraq to destroy its weapons of mass
destruction.
• The invasion of Iraq is controversial;
many traditional allies do not support
it, and it divides the American people.
• An insurgency begins in Iraq that
keeps American troops fighting
for several years.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
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Select a transparency to view.
chad
a small piece of cardboard produced
by punching a data card
strategic defense
a plan to develop missiles and other
devices that can shoot down nuclear
missiles before they hit the
United States
priority
highest or higher in importance
controversy
a prolonged public dispute
terrorism
the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians
to achieve a political goal by instilling
fear and frightening governments into
changing policies
state-sponsored terrorism
violent acts against civilians that are
secretly supported by a government
in order to attack other nations
without going to war
anthrax
a bacteria used to create biological
weapons
resolve
to come to an agreement
interpretation
the act or process of explaining or
telling the meaning of
obtain
to gain possession of
weapons of mass destruction
(WMD)
weapons—including nuclear,
chemical, and biological—that can kill
large numbers of people all at once
inspector
a person appointed to examine
foreign facilities, usually in search of
weapons
significantly
to affect something enough to be of
some importance
eliminate
to remove or get rid of
earmark
specifications added by both
Republicans and Democrats for the
expenditure of federal money for
particular projects
monitor
to observe, oversee, or regulate
procedure
a particular way of conducting or
engaging in an activity
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