Transcript The Jeffersonian Republic

You have been aboard this ship for
many months…
exploring this river…
along your journey you have
encountered friendly and hostile
natives.
A friendly native has offered to
guide you through the remainder of
your journey.
Write a diary entry
about your experience.
The Jeffersonian Republic
1800-1812
Election of 1800
• Jefferson defeats Adams
• 73-65 in Electoral College
• Jefferson’s mission: to restore the
republican experiment and check the growth
of government power
Jefferson
• Alien and Sedition Acts expired
• Jefferson pardoned “martyrs” of Sedition
Act and nullified their fines
• New Naturalization Act of 1802 – brought
time for citizenship back to five years from
fourteen
Albert Gallatin
• Secretary of Treasury
for Jefferson
• Repealed excise tax
• Thought national debt
was bad
• Balanced the budget
Jefferson and Gallatin
• Did not tamper with Hamilton’s debt
• Continued to pay debt back at “par”
• They also did not attack the Bank of The
United States
Judiciary Act of 1801
• “Deathbed” Act of Adams Administration
• Created 16 new federal judges, all
appointed by Adams the night before
Jefferson became president
• Act was repealed by Republican Congress
of 1801 and scratched all 16 judges
Chief Justice John Marshall
• Appointed by Adams
to sit over Supreme
Court
• Staunch Federalist
Shaped American legal
tradition more than
anyone in US History
• 34 years as Chief
Justice
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• 1 of 16 judges scrapped was William
Marbury
• He sued for delivery of his judicial
appointment
• James Madison (Secretary of State) was
who he sued
• One of the most important cases in Supreme
Court
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Determined who had final authority over
the meaning of the Constitution
• Established judicial review – the idea that
the Supreme Court alone had the last word
on questions of constitutionality
Jefferson and the Military
• Jefferson reduced the US Military to a
police force of 2,500
Pirates of North African
Barbary States
• 1801 – blackmail and
plundered merchant
ships in Mediterranean
Sea
• Jefferson didn’t want
war, but couldn’t
afford to pay tribute
Pasha of Tripoli
• Pasha declared war on the United States
• Jefferson dispatched the infant navy to
Tripoli
• 4 years of fighting
• Treaty of Peace with Tripoli (1805)
• $60,000 paid in ransom for captured
Americans
Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
• 1800 – Napoleon got King of Spain to cede
immense trans-Mississippi region of
Louisiana to France (included New Orleans)
• Spain then withdrew US right to free
navigation
Louisiana Purchase
• Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to
Paris in 1803 to purchase of New Orleans
from France
• spend no more than $10 million
Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon willing to sell for two reasons :
1 - failed to regain island of Santo Domingo
slave revolt led by Touissant L’Overture
2 – didn’t want Britain to take Louisiana by
force, and he needed the money
Louisiana Purchase
•
•
•
•
•
•
April 30, 1803 – Louisiana Purchase was signed
$15 million
Doubled size of U.S.
828,000 square miles
3 cents an acre
U.S. secured the western half of richest river
valley in the world
• Set a precedent of the acquisition of foreign
territory and peoples by purchase
Exploring Louisiana
Lewis & Clark
• Spring 1804 – Jefferson sent his personal secretary
Meriwether Lewis and an army officer William
Clark to explore northern part of Louisiana
• Began in St. Louis
• Expedition traveled through the Rockies up the
Columbia River and to the Pacific Ocean
• 2 ½ year journey, scientific observations,
demonstrated viability of overland route to Pacific
Ocean
Election of 1804
• Jefferson was very well liked by time of
1804 election and won handily 162 – 14 in
Electoral College (Charles C. Pinckney –F)
• Meanwhile, Napoleon and France would
enter an 11 year war with England
• France – Master of Land warfare
• England – Master of Sea warfare
Orders In Council 1806
• British law that closed European ports
under French control to foreign vessels
unless vessels first stopped at a British port
• Napoleon then ordered the seizure of all
merchant ships that entered British ports
• Catch – 22 – no way to trade with either
country
Britain’s war tactics
• Britain used policy of Impressment –
forcible enlistment of sailors
• Britain enlisted 6,000 US Sailors through
Impressment
• 1808 – 1811
Embargo Act (1807)
• Law forbade the export of all goods from
US in American or foreign ships
• US economy suffered severely
• Illicit trade boomed out of Canada
• Embargo Act repealed March 1, 1809
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
• Replaced the Embargo Act of 1807
• Formally reopened trade with all nations,
except France and England
• Embargo didn’t work
1 – England had good crops in those years
2 – France relied on all of conquered
Europe
James Madison
• Jefferson retired after
1808
• March 4, 1809 –
Virginian James
Madison takes oath of
office as President
• European conflict @
climax
Napoleon Tricks Madison
• Non-Intercourse Act expired in 1809 and was replaced by
Macon’s Bill No. 2
• If Britain and France repealed commercial restriction then
America would restore embargo against non-repealing
country
• Napoleon announces that France would lift trade decrees if
England would lift Orders In Council
• (He never intended to lift decrees)
• Madison then gave Britain 3 months to lift Orders In
Council
• London saw no need to bargain
Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa
• Two Shawnee brothers
wanted to form an
Indian Confederacy
independent of the
USA
• Inspired a movement
of Indian unity and
cultural renewal
• Gave up textile
clothing, alcohol, and
rejected land
ownership
War Hawks
• Young hotheads in the South and West
wanted to go to war against England
• England was supplying hostile Indians with
guns and ammunition
• 1811 – Indiana Territory Governor William
Henry Harrison gathered an army and
attacked Tecumseh’s HQ @ Wabash and
Tippecanoe Rivers (Tecumseh was away)
William Henry Harrison and the
Battle of Tippecanoe Creek
• Harrison defeats the
Shawnee
• Harrison became a
national hero for his
route of Indians
• Tecumseh continued
to fight for British
until his death at
Battle of Thames in
1813
Spring 1812
• War with Britain was inevitable
• Britain continued to arm hostile Indians
• Madison and Republicans believed the US had to
assert American rights
• Congress declared war on Britain June 1, 1812
• 79 – 49 in House 19 – 13 in Senate
• New England opposed the war, and would not
allow militia to serve out of state
• 2 wars – one with Old England and one with New
England