Transcript A New World Order - Waverly-Shell Rock School District

10th American History
Unit VI – Looking Toward the Future
Chapter 22 – A Conservative Era
Section 3 – A New World Order
A New World Order
The Main Idea
In 1988 Reagan’s vice president, George H.W. Bush, won
election to a term that saw dramatic changes in the world.
Reading Focus
• What factors influenced the election of 1988?
• How did Soviet society become more open?
• What chain of events led to the collapse of the Soviet empire?
• What other global conflicts emerged near the end of the Cold
War?
The Candidates in the Election of
1988 Wealthy, World War II pilot, congressman from Texas, U.S.
George H.W.
Bush
Jesse
Jackson
Michael
Dukakis
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ambassador to the United Nations, head of the C.I.A., and vice
president
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Republican nomination for president in 1988

Major civil rights leader and a liberal candidate who ran for the
Democratic Party’s nomination

Won the most votes on Super Tuesday and had significant
support from both white and black voters

Governor of Massachusetts who ended up winning the
Democratic Party’s nomination
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Running mate was Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen
The Election of 1988
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Low voter turnout (50.1 percent)
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Most attribute low turnout to negativity of the campaign.
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Dukakis challenged Bush on the economy.
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Bush called Dukakis soft on crime.
Bush won with the promise of no new taxes.
Willie Horton and the Revolving
door
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http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commerc
ials/1988
Willie Horton
Revolving Door
Furlough for the Truth
Tank Ride
The Bush Record- Noriega
How did Soviet society become more open?
Glasnost

Gorbachev announced a new era of
glasnost, or “opening.”
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Lifted media censorship, allowing
public criticism of the government
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Gorbachev held press interviews.
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Slowly Soviet citizens began to speak
out.

They complained about the price of
food, of empty store shelves, and of
their sons dying in Afghanistan.
Perestroika
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Gorbachev began the process of
perestroika, the “restructuring” of the
corrupt government bureaucracy.
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Dismantled the Soviet central planning
system and released Andrey
Sakharov from exile
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Free elections took place in 1989.
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Withdrew from Afghanistan
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Visited with China to ease tensions
between the nations
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Attempted to cover up the Chernobyl
nuclear accident
The Collapse of the Soviet Empire
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The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a spirit of
nationalism in the subject nations of Eastern Europe.

Gorbachev knew the USSR could not support the ailing
Eastern European economies.

He ordered a large troop pullback from the region and
warned leaders to adopt reforms.
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Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in the late
1980s.
Eastern Europe Crumbles
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Solidarity forced the government to hold elections.
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Lech Walesa became Poland’s president in 1990.
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Opened the border between Hungary and Austria in August
1989, and people streamed into the West
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The nonviolent velvet revolution swept the Communists
from power in November 1989.

Playwright Vaclav Havel became president.
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Violent revolution brought down Nicolae Ceausescu, one of
the Soviet bloc’s cruelest dictators.
Poland
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Romania
Events in Europe of 1989 which would led up to the end of the Cold War.
Since the end of World War II the political structure of the world consisted of two major powers centered in
NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. For nearly 45 years the two major powers representing these groups,
the United States and the Soviet Union, were engaged in a cold war. The end of communism in Eastern
Europe brought about a new world order under which it was hoped there would be an atmosphere of
international cooperation.
April 5, 1989- Poland- Solidarity (Trade Union) declared legal and
Free Elections- Solidarity sweeps the elections- 1990 Lech Walesa
elected President.
May 1989- Hungary- No fence between Hungary and Austria,
East Germans slipped across border into Austria and Hungary.
November 9, 1989- Berlin Wall gates were opened, East Germans
flooded to West and the wall began to come down.
November 24- December 28, 1989- "The Velvet Revolution" in
Czechoslovakia- Alexander Dubcek elected chairman of the
Parliament.
December 17, 1989- The Violent Revolution begins in Romania.
Pres. Ceausescu orders troops to gun down demonstrators. 100's
die.
Events in Europe of 1989 which would led up to the end of the Cold War.
December 21, 1989- Pres. Ceausescu calls for mass rally at Capital
to support him. Crowd turned on the President, demonstrations got
larger and troops joined the revolt.
December 25, 1989- While trying to escape, Pres. Ceausescu and
his wife were caught tried and executed.
End of 1989- October 3, 1990- East and West Germany are
reunified into one Germany. President Bush declares the Cold War
to be over.
1985-1990- The Soviet Union is changing- Gorbachev's
Perestroika (restructuring); Warsaw Pact dissolved; Soviet Union
can't provide for its own needs- Food, Clothing are scarse; a move
to a freer more democratic nation; Communists give up their
monopoly in politics; Chaos on a grand scale; ethnic unrest led to
the break up of the U.S.S.R.
Warsaw Pact Countries- Eastern Europe
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Hungary and Bulgaria- successful
transition from communism
Romania- “Violent Revolution”Pres. Ceausescu.
Czechoslovakia- “Velvet
Revolution”
Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic
rivalries caused brutal war among
Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and
Roman Catholics. Ethnic
Cleansing
Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania. Independent
Germany
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Oct. 1989- East Germany
gets rid of its Communist
government and opens
the Berlin Wall.
Berlin Wall torn down.
Oct. 3 1990- East and
West Germany are
reunited into one
Germany.
Gorbachev and the Soviet Union
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March 1985- Gorbachev is
General Secretary of
Communist party.
Glasnost- “openness”,
allowing criticism and
freedom of the press
Perestroika- “restructuring”
of the Soviet society- less
government control,
introduced private enterprise
and took steps for a
democratic government.
Soviet Union Declines
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Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics
declare independence.
Ethnic unrest across USSR- different
national groups argue over borders.
Gorbachev resigns- not popular at
home and the Soviet Union dissolves.
CIS- Commonwealth of Independent
States takes over- loose federation
Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President of
Russia signs START II pact with
U.S.A.
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
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The Berlin Wall remained a repressive symbol of Soviet
communism.

To calm rising protests in East Germany, the government opened
the gates of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989.
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Thousands of East Berliners poured into West Berlin.
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Berliners pulled down the razor wire and spontaneously began ripping
down the wall with axes and sledgehammers and their bare hands.
Less than a year later, East Germany and West Germany were
reunified as one country.
The Communist Superpower
Collapses
Russia’s Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian
Republic, helped foil a hard-liners’ coup against
Gorbachev in 1991.
Beginning in 1990, Soviet republics started declaring
their independence.
Gorbachev resigned as president and the Soviet Union
dissolved.
Yeltsin now led the much weaker superpower.
Bush and Yeltsin signed arms treaties in 1991 and 1993.
Global Conflicts near the End of the
Cold War
China: Democracy Crushed
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Chinese students called on their
Communist leaders to embrace
reforms.
Led huge pro-democracy
demonstrations that filled
Tiananmen Square.
Tanks surrounded the protesters
and opened fire.
Hundreds of unarmed people were
killed in the Tiananmen Square
massacre.
Bush announced an arms
embargo.
Panama: A Dictator Falls
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Colonel Manuel Noriega was a
brutal dictator.
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The United States tried to indict
him for drug smuggling.
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In 1989 Noriega declared a
state of war with the United
States.
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Noriega’s soldiers killed a U.S.
marine
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Bush ordered an invasion of
Panama.
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Troops arrested Noriega and
took him to Florida.
Communism Continues in China
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1980’s- Government loosens grip
on business and eliminates some
price controls.
Students in China demand
freedom of speech and a greater
voice in government.
Premier Deng Xiaoping cracks
down on Tiananmen Square
Demonstration- April 1989.
A student leader said, “The
government has won the battle
here today. But they have lost
the people’s hearts.”
Tiananmen Square
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On May 13, 1989, several students
began a hunger strike at Tiananmen
Square in the afternoon and formal
talks with the government began a
day later but they quickly broke
down. Among the demands of the
students and workers were more
democracy, less corruption, and
accurate press coverage. Days later,
after no conclusion was reached, the
government prepared to declare
martial law
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On June 3, 1989, troops received
orders to reclaim Tiananmen Square
at all costs.
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Due to a lack of witnesses, the exact
number of people killed in this socalled "Tiananmen Square
Massacre" is not known. Some say
that it was as few as 500 and as many
as 3000.
“Operation Just Cause”- Panama
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1988- Federal Grand jury indicts
Noreiga on drug trafficking charges.
(International drug trafficking)
Manuel Noriega- commander of police
and military forces in Panama, in
charge of Panama. Stuffed the ballot
box.
Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent in
U.S. forces to topple Noriega.
Noriega took refuge in Vatican embassy
but finally surrenders.
Convicted in Miami and sentenced to 40
years in prison.
Many Latin American nations deplored
this “Yankee Imperialism”, but many
were please to be rid of the dictator.
1:16 min.
Other Bush-era Conflicts
South Africa: New Freedom
The Persian Gulf War
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Iraq’s Saddam Hussein
invaded Kuwait in 1990.
The attack shocked the United
States—who depended on the
region’s oil—and other Arab
nations.
Reports of atrocities by Iraqi
troops surfaced.
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F.W. de Klerk sought a gradual,
orderly lifting of apartheid.
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He released political prisoners,
including Nelson Mandela.
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De Klerk and Mandela worked
together to end apartheid.
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A new constitution was written.
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Nation’s first all-race elections
were held in 1994.
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The UN imposed sanctions but
the deadline passed.
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Mandela and his African
National Congress won.
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ON January 16, 1991, the U.S.led force attacked.
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De Klerk and Mandela won the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
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Operation Desert Storm was a
successful, conventional war.
South Africa and Reagan
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Apartheid
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small white minority
controlling and exploiting
black majority.
“apart-hood” but really
means racism.
World Isolated and
ostracised South Africa
Economic sanctions by
U.S. and pressure world
Bishop Desmond Tutu
Apartheid ended- 1990
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Nelson Mandela freed
from prison.
Becomes 1st black
president.
Demonizing the Enemy: Saddam Hussein and Manuel Noriega- 5:09
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
Patriot Missile Battery
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
In 1979 Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq, killing 21 of
his cabinet members.
In 1990 he invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had
taken Kuwait and controlled 24% of the worlds oil
supplies. It seemed as if his next target was Saudi Arabia.
United States entered after a call for protection by Saudi
Arabia.
The United States set a deadline, January 15, 1991 for all
Iraq forces to be out of Kuwait, but Saddam ignored the
deadline.
That triggered Desert Shield, or the build-up of troops in
the region and eventually led to Desert Storm, a all-out
attack to free Kuwait.
Early Days of the Persian Gulf Conflict [03:51]
Gulf War [04:01]
Desert Storm, Hyper war, and the Role of the Media [06:49]
“Operation Desert Shield”- Iraq
Chronology: Important Events- 1990
On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, tells Hussein that the
Iraq/Kuwaiti dispute is an Arab matter, not one that affects the United Stat
Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2.
President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets.
The United Nations calls on Hussein to withdraw.
Economic sanctions are authorized.
Iraq annexes Kuwait
The UN declares Iraq's annexation invalid
Military interdiction authorized by the UN.
UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq doesn’t withdraw from
Kuwait by midnight EST Jan. 15.
Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used in offensive operations.
“Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq
Chronology: Important Events- 1991
The air war started Jan 17 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) or January 16 at
6:38PM EST due to an 8 hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter
attack.
US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other military targets in
Iraq.
Iraq launches first SCUD Missile attack.
US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000.
Feb 6, President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb 23 for Iraqi troops to
withdraw from Kuwait.
Feb 23, 1991 Ground war begins with Marines, Army and Arab forces
moving into Iraq and Kuwait.
Feb 27, 1991 President Bush orders a cease fire effective at midnight
Kuwaiti time.