Transcript AP US History - Lincoln Park High School

Claudia Dawson
Ralph Pineda
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Analyze the ways in which the American
philosophy of government has changed in
terms of:
A. Enfranchisement
B. Size of Government
C. Distribution of power between state
and national governments
Thesis
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American philosophy has experienced a
gradual shift in terms of enfranchisement,
size of government, and distribution of
power between state and national
government through the evolving needs of
the American people from the beginning
of the nation to the end of the 1970’s.
Enfranchisement
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Definition of Enfranchisement
 To bestow a franchise on and endow rights of
citizenship, especially the right to vote.
 For example;
 Suffrage for African Americans
 Suffrage for Women
 Voting Age
Immigration and How
enfranchisement is Involved
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When the United States was founded, only
white, male, property-owners were
allowed to vote. The Founding Fathers felt
that only property-owners would take this
right of citizenship seriously since they
owned a literal stake in the young nation.
Later when new states are admitted
western states included UNIVERSAL white
male suffrage.
African Americans
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Voting rights were important because of
the belief that suffrage equals power.
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14th Amendment
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(June 1866) Citizenship and rights of a citizen to
blacks.
15th Amendment
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(1868) Gave right to vote to blacks.
14th Amendment
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President Johnson vetoed both of the bills for the Civil
Rights Act that Congress passed, claiming that they were
unconstitutional.
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Fearing the Supreme Court would agree with Johnson, Congress
approved and sent on to the states for ratification.
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Congress overturned Johnson’s veto.
The 14th Amendment was passed because there were
Republican Radicals who were eager to impose harsh
rule on the South.
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They could now assert that the South was refusing to accept
verdicts of the war.
Once again, Congress excluded the representatives of the
Southern states.
14th Amendment Cont.
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This defined citizenship (blacks), forbade the
paying of the Confederate debt, and made
former Confederates ineligible to hold public
office.
Only one Southern state (Tenessee) ratified the
amendment and failed to receive the necessary
approval of ¾ of the state.
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Tenessee, having ratified the 14th Amendment, was
spared the wrath of the Radicals.
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The rest of the states were ordered to produce
constitutions giving the vote to blacks and to ratify the
14th Amendment before admittance into the Union.
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In 1868, the Republican
Convention drew up a
platform endorsing
Reconstruction.
The victory of Grant
prompted Republican
leaders to decide that it
would be politically
correct to give votes to
ALL African Americans.
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This was the purpose of
the 15th Amendment.
The idea was so
unpopular in the North
that it won the ¾
approval by ratification of
Southern states required
to do so by Congress.
15th Amendment
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Women
National American
Women’s Suffrage
Association
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Led the movement for
women’s suffrage.
Had increasing momentum
during Wilson’s presidency.
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Several states had granted
the vote to women.
Wilson opposed a federal
women’s suffrage
amendment, saying that the
states should control
franchise.
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Later supported the 19th
Amendment.
Voting Age
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The 26th Amendment
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(July 1971)-Brought the
voting age to 18
Adopted because of
student activism against he
Vietnam war and to
overrule against the
Oregon v. Mitchell Supreme
Court decision.
The female student activist
with her mother has a sign
using the infamous line
with a slight change.
“Give us liberty or give us
death!”
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Size of Government
Constitutional Convention
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This provided for three branches of
government; executive, legislative, and
judicial.
The Senate and the House of
Representatives were created by the Great
Compromise.
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The Senate gets two votes per state.
The House of Representatives has
proportional representation.
U.S. Constitution & Articles of
Confederation
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The Articles (this was the first form of Government in the
U.S.) This was a failure, because the central government
was too weak and too unorganized.
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Due to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution
was made.
This document changed the way the country was run
forever.
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This led to reconsideration of the Articles.
At this point the country was more organized and had branched
off from the “Mother Country”
The Bill of Rights enabled the Constitution to be passed
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The people didn’t want the government to be too powerful
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Because of the way the country was run under a British monarchy.
Federalists
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First elections held under the new Constitution
showed the new government was going to be
managed by those who had drawn up a
document by their supporters.
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Few anti-federalists were elected to congress and
many of the new legislators had been delegates to
the Philadelphia Convention 2 years before.
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The Federalist majority drafted legislation which would fill in
the gaps left by the Convention and to erect the structure of
a strong central government.
Hartford Convention
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These are one of the
publicized papers that
the Federalist party
released during the
writing of the
constitution known as
the “Federalist
Papers”
Jeffersonian Era
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President Thomas Jefferson and his Republican followers
envisioned a society in contrast to that of Hamilton and
his followers.
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They dreamed of a nation of independent farmers living under a
central government that exercised a minimum of control over
their lives.
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The federal government must exist to protect the individual liberties
guaranteed by the Constitution.
The country must be free from the industrial and urban corruption
of Europe.
This would lead to enlightenment for a country needing direction.
Their dream was not to be realized.
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Jefferson would lead a nation that was becoming more
industrialized and urbanized.
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It seemed to need a stronger hand from the president.
Jacksonian Era
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President Andrew Jackson appealed to the farmers
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He had few ideas, but strong convictions.
He ignored his cabinet officers.
He overstepped his boundaries with the system of
“checks and balances” against the judicial branch.
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Exercised his veto power more than any other presidents.
The Maysville Road Project
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Project in Kentucky requiring a federal subsidy.
He favored a strong party system, a strong executive
branch, and emphasis on states rights.
He was against the national bank.
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This shows how
Andrew Jackson was
viewed as a president
that used his
executive power far
too much in which the
“Veto” power makes
him like a monarch
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
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Important case in Jacksons career
because Jackson was overstepping his
executive boundaries
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
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A portion of the Cherokee nation claimed to
be a sovereign political entity within the
boundaries of Georgia.
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The Supreme Court supported this/Jackson refused
to enforce the decision.
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Trail of Tears.
Teddy Roosevelt
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Big Stick diplomacy and economic foreign policy were
characteristics of the administration
Panama Canal
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The Roosevelt Corollary
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He used executive power to separate Panama from Colombia
U.S. reserved the right to intervene in international affairs of
Latin American nations to keep European powers from using
force to collect debts.
Progressive reforms
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T.R resorted to high eminence
Anti Trust Acts –this concept of the government intervening with
domestic industries.
Coal Strike of 1902
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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The Growth of FDR in these
ideals is how he created the
concept of “The New Deal”
The two policy programs
influential in FDR's first
Administration had one thing
in common: They shared a
price orientation toward the
problem of economic recovery.
Other than that, their
conceptions of the role of
government in the modern
economy conflicted sharply
4 Term Presidency
The shift in what the
Democratic Party turns into.
(for the people)
John F. Kennedy
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Called his domestic program the New
Frontier.
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Promised federal funding for education,
medical care (for elderly), and government
intervention to halt the recession.
Promised ending of racial discrimination.
Few of Kennedy's major programs passed
Congress during his lifetime
Considered to be abusing his executive
power with extensive reforms.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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The Great Society
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Aid to education
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act
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War on Poverty
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Economic Opportunity Act
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Helped all public school districts with more money going
to districts with poor families.
Included several social programs to promote the health,
education, and general welfare of the poor
Medicare and Medicaid
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Health insurance to adults over 65 and poor.
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Lyndon Baines Johnson
sets up a superhero
league called "The Great
Society" to battle evil
conservative forces, like
Richard Nixon as the
"Along Ranger" and Barry
Goldwater as "Colonel
America". From 1966.
Richard Nixon
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Formed the Gates
Commision
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Economic Stabilization Act
of 1970
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Ended the military service
draft
Military pay was increased
Gave Nixon power to set
wages and prices.
Southern Strategy
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Set up local biracial
committees to assure
compliance without
violence or political
grandstanding
Tied desegregation to
improving the quality of
education.
Government between State and
Central Government
Bill of Rights
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Was created to protect individual freedoms and
state sovereignty.
The importance of the Virginia Declaration of
Rights is that it was the first constitutional
protection of individual rights and stat sovereignty,
rather than protecting just members of Parliament
or consisting of simple laws that can be changed
as easily as passed.
The people of the United States, especially those
who were against a strong central government
because of the way they were treated as colonies
by the Parliament and monarchy of England.
Tariff of 1828
Caused South
Carolina to threaten
secession from the
Union
Tariff of 1832
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Higher tariff would
help industry but it
would hurt
agriculture in the
South
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Foreign countries would
not want to trade with
the United States as it
would be too costly.
This became the main
event in which
nullification was given
as a state right
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Helped lead to Civil War
Civil War
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The South seceded from the North
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Southern states felt that the North was taking away
their state rights of nullification
Also believed the North was trying to take away the
livelihood the South
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Southern farmers had an immense need for African slaves to
farm acres of land.
The main purpose of the war was to take the
South back into the Union.
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After the Emancipation Proclamation, the added issue
was the morality of slavery.
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This shows the split in the
democratic party during pre
Civil War over the issue of
slavery. The southern wing of
the party demanded the
adoption of a platform which
called for legislation to
explicitly protect the institution
in the Federal Territories (this
was then principally an issue in
the Nebraska Territory);
however, the northerners
refused to acquiesce.
Northwest Ordinance 1787
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Set up the process to make new states.
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60,000 voting people had to be in the
territory to apply for statehood.
Declared that all new territory would be
controlled by the federal government.
Forbade slavery in the old Northwest.
Powers of Federal Government
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Judicial Branch- Determines if something is
constitutional and interprets the laws.
Executive Branch- Declares war and has veto
power. Enforces laws.
Legislative Branch- Makes laws.
Checks and Balances- One of these branches
cannot be more powerful than the other two.
Currency- National currency. National bank. Has
the right to lend money to failing banks and
companies.
Powers of State Government
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Senate- Two representatives per state.
House of Representatives- Depends upon
population of state.
States have the right to have their own laws,
within their state boundaries. They also have the
right to prosecute within their own state if a
crime was committed within the states’
boundaries.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
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The Missouri territory applied for statehood in
1819.
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The Senate membership was evenly divided between
slaveholding and free states at the time.
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The admission of a new state would throw off this delicate
balance.
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Slavery was already established in the new territory
Representative Tallmadge of New York proposed
an amendment to the bill which would prohibit
slavery in Missouri.
Missouri Compromise Cont.
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The northern territory of Massachusetts
applied as the state of Maine for
statehood.
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House Speaker Henry Clay formulated a
Compromise that both sides of the Senate
could accept.
The two bills were combined, allowing Maine as a
free state and Missouri as a slave state.
 Also, the line of 36’30 was created
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
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Ruled that people of African descent brought
into the United States and held as slaves (or
their descendants) were not legal citizens and
could never be citizens of the United States
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The United States Congress had no authority to
prohibit slavery in federal territories.
Supreme Court ruled that this case was invalid,
because Dred Scott could not sue because he
was not a citizen.
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This was also because the Supreme Court ruled that
slaves could not sue in court.
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Lincoln v. Douglas debate
about the Dred Scott Case
Kansas Nebraska Act
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Senator Douglas of Illinois had no moral
convictions on slavery and hoped organizing the
territories west of Missouri and Iowa as
territories of Kansas and Nebraska would help
the building of a trans-Continental railroad.
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He tried to avoid the slavery issue
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Was pressured by Southern Senators to include a repeal of
the Missouri Compromise and a provision that the status of
slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be decided by popular
sovereignty.
The bill was opposed by most Northern Democrats
and remaining Whigs.
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With the support of the Southern Peirce administration, it
was passed and signed into law.
Plessy v. Ferguson
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On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a
car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was
designated for use by white people only.
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Plessy argued that the East Louisiana Railroad
had denied him his rights under the 13th and
14th Amendments of the United States
Constitution.
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However, the judge presiding over his case, John
Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the
right to regulate railroad companies as long as
they operated within state boundaries.
Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka (1954)
Overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy
v. Ferguson (1896)
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Declared that state laws that established separate
public schools for black and white students denied
black children equal educational opportunities.
“Separate educational facilities are inherently
unequal.“ as ruled by the Warren Court
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In school racial segregation was ruled unconstitutional by
the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of
African American students who were
enrolled in Little Rock Central High
School in 1957.
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The Little Rock Crisis
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The students were initially prevented from
entering the racially segregated school by
Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus and the State
Guard.
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The students attended school after the intervention
of President Eisenhower.
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The Little Rock Nine
With Mother