Transcript Cold War rvsd. for wksts short Korea

The Cold War Begins
1945 - 1960
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Post WWII Information (SP)
Satellite Nations
The Cold War: 1945 – 1991
Causes of the Cold War
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Differences: Democracy v.
Communism (Wkst.)
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact
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Stalin Violated Yalta
Containment
Division of Europe
Iron Curtain Speech
Truman Doctrine: 1947
Marshall Plan: 1947 (SP)
Germany Divided
Stalin’s Blockade of Berlin
Berlin Airlift: 1948 - 1949
NATO
Warsaw Pact
Relations with Japan
China’s Problems
Chiang Kai-Shek
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Mao Zedong
Formosa
China in the United Nations
Korea (SP)
June 25, 1950
General MacArthur
Quick Breakdown of Korean War (Wkst)
Korean War Basics
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Limited War
1952 Election
Red Scare
Atlantic Charter
Arms Race
Loyalty Review Boards (sp)
House of Un-American Activities Committee
Hollywood 10
Alger Hiss
The Rosenbergs: 1953
Senator Joseph McCarthy
McCarthyism
John Dulles
Thursday…
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Grab the
usual
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We’re starting
G11 today…
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Lots to do…
The Cold War (11.01)
 Happy Tuesday – ignore the
dates on the reading
schedule…pay attention to
announcements
 Rough drafts will be
returned Thursday – however,
…
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Cold
War:
1945
1991
Conflict between the USA & USSR without actual war
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Conflict over the goals each country hoped to achieve in E. Europe
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The USA & USSR never went to war with each other during this time
USA = Spread Democracy (free trade)
USSR = Spread Communism & act as a buffer
Ends in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union
Differences:
Democracy v. Communism
Democracy (USA)
Self-Determination: Want all nations
to freely choose their type of
government
1.
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Communism (USSR)
Spread Communism to continue the
struggle between the rich & poor
1.
1.
Political, economical & social freedom
Control E. Europe to prevent
American influence
2.
Rebuild European governments like a
Democracy
2.
Get new markets & raw materials
3.
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Could help Europe become successful
USA ideals are bad
3.
Rebuild Europe using Soviet
materials & equipment
4.
Keep Germany divided & weak
Rebuild Europe with American
materials & equipment
Reunite Germany
4.
USSR sees USA as the rich
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Might prevent another German attack
Stalin Violated
Yalta
At Yalta, Stalin agreed to let countries in E. Europe hold free
elections
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This would allow these countries to choose their leaders = on the road to
Democracy
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Stalin didn’t stick to his word & prevented free elections in Poland
He was very involved in the election process & used scare tactics to vote
how he wanted them to
 After elections, he had great influence over what these countries did & how
they were governed
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As a result, Poland became a Communist country
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Other nations in E. Europe became Communist also
Satellite Nations…
Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
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In this agreement, Germany & USSR
wouldn’t attack each other & split
Poland
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Hitler violated this in 1941 when he
attacked the Soviet Union
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USA angry that Stalin had been an ally
of Hitler during the early stages of the
war
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Each side began to suspect each other
during the war
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USA thought USSR might be spying for
Hitler
USSR angry the USA delayed its attack
in Europe
Because of this pact, the USA never
trusted the USSR & Stalin
Satellite Nations
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After WWII, tensions begin to escalate
between the USA & USSR
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President Truman wanted to spread
democracy to all European countries
that were once under Nazi control
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Stalin occupied Eastern Europe &
wanted to keep it to protect itself from
future attacks
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USA in economic boom after WWII, we
need Europe for raw materials & trade
($$)
Not allowing Truman to spread
Democracy
Satellite Nations: Countries in E.
Europe under Stalin’s control
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They had Communist gov’ts.
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia & Poland
Division of Europe
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Europe was literally divided into East &
West Europe
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West = Democratic; under American
influence
East = Communist; under Soviet
influence
Iron Curtain: Term used by Churchill
to describe the division of Europe
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Known as the Iron Curtain speech Churchill was speaking in the USA on
progress in Europe
Stalin was insulted by this comment &
said it was a “call to war”
Everything East of the red
line is under Soviet Control
Containment
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Truman’s foreign policy after WWII
Originally focused on Europe, but later
spilled to a global effort (ie – Vietnam)
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Prevent the spread of Communism
Truman wanted to stop babying the
Soviets
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Truman Doctrine:
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Gave military aid to any country in
Europe fighting Communism
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Turkey & Greece 1st to get help
Given $400 million to ensure
Communism would not take over those
countries
Supports containment
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Economic & military aid
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Very Controversial: Some did not like
the US getting more involved in
European affairs
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Worried this might lead to another
European war
1947
Marshall Plan:
1947
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Condition in Europe worse than during
war: harsh winter, rationing electricity
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Proposed by Sec. of State George
Marshall
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Gave economic aid to European
countries who agreed to trade with
each other
 Economic rebuilding of Europe
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Communist countries did not
participate (not trading with Democratic
nations)
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Why are we doing this?
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Communism less appealing after the
plan’s success
Eisenhower Doctrine
The US would defend any
country in the Middle East from
Communist attacks
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Just like the Truman Doc., but in the
Middle East
Deficit Spending
Policy of spending more money than
the government makes
Used by John F. Kennedy to build up
& strengthened the military
Military needed to support containment efforts
Brinkmanship
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Believed the Cold War was a moral
crusade against Communism
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The US could improve containment if it
threatened full military force
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Ex: nuclear weapons against Communist
countries
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Massive Retaliation
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The USSR responded in kind to this
policy
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US Military under Brinkmanship:
Eisenhower trimmed the Army & Navy,
but beefed up the Air Force
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Air Force could drop bombs
A Germany Divided
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As per Yalta, Germany was
divided into 4 zones: US, USSR,
Britain & France
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US, France & Britain unified W.
Germany making Stalin nervous
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How did Stalin feel about the
unification of Germany?
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Soviets controlled E. Germany
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Berlin is capital of Germany & also
divided into 4 zones
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Berlin was in E. Germany
After W. Germany was unified,
Stalin was not obligated to allow
the USA, French or English to
send supplies to their
citizens/troops in W. Berlin
Stalin’s Blockade
of W. Berlin: 1948
Stalin closed the road to Berlin to prevent the Allies from
getting supplies to W. Berlin
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No food, medicine, fuel, etc.
Residents of W. Berlin had only enough supplies to last 5 weeks
Stalin wanted total control of Berlin
Berlin Airlift:
1948-1949
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Result of Soviet blockade
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US Planes dropped supplies into W.
Berlin for 327 days to break the
Soviet blockade
 Only reason W. Berlin survived
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Made USA look good & USSR look
bad
• W. Germany unified & declared a new
country
• Stalin lifted blockade in 1949, but kept
control of W. Berlin
• Increased European fear of Soviet
aggression
The Airlift
Relations
with Japan
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US needs a good relationship with
Japan for 2 reasons:
 Trade
 Containment
China’s Problems
• China was involved in a civil war
when Japan invaded in 1937
• Nationalists & Communist united to
fight against Japanese
• After the war, the civil war in China
resumed
• Chiang Kai-Shek: Leader of
the Chinese Nationalists (nonCommunist)
• Supported by US in WWII
• Struggled with inflation & weak
economy
• Very mean to his people after the war
Mao Zedong
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Leader of Communist revolution in
China
 Opponent of Chiang Kai-Shek
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China became a Communist country
after the civil war
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Truman is blamed for losing China to
Communism – looks bad
Some even thought it was because the
US gov’t. was riddled with Communists
Mao forced the Nationalists to move to
the island of Formosa (modern day
Taiwan)
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Getting rid of political opposition
Korean War: 1950 - 1953
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Korea divided after WWII at the
38th Parallel
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N. Korea invades S. Korea
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North = Communist
South = Democratic
The US supports S. Korea
because they are democratic
Douglas MacArthur leads the UN
forces in Korea
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Korea is a UN police action
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Armistice: Fighting stops on July
27, 1953
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Korea is a limited war because no
nuclear weapons were used
Korean War Basics
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The Korean War is considered an UN
Police action, not an American war
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No official declaration of war
Most UN soldiers were American
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54,000 Americans died & cost $67
billion
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USA was so involved in this war
because of containment
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Often called “America’s Forgotten
War”
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Veterans didn’t get a memorial until
1995
Korea was a limited war:
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No use of nuclear weapons
The Middle East
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The Suez Crisis: The USA & USSR are trying to
build the Suez Canal
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Trying to improve relations with countries in the
Middle East (oil & shipping)
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Gamal Abdel-Nasser, the head of Egypt’s gov’t., was
making deals with both the USA & USSR
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To USSR: “US gave us $50 million, what will you
give us” etc.
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Dulles finds out about deals & pulls the US deal off
the table angering Nasser
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Nasser closed the Suez Canal to Western shipping,
which also affected Israel
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This was owned by France & England!!!
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Israel, France & England sent troops & occupied the
Mediterranean side of the Suez Canal
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The UN stepped in & talked both sides down
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The USA & USSR almost went to war over Egypt!!!
The Middle East
(Cont’d)
Significance of the Middle East:
Religion
Natural Resources – oil
Sphere of Influence
The USSR looked good to people in the Middle
East because it supported Egypt in the Suez
Crisis
The Middle East was in the Soviet sphere of influence &
this scared the US!!!!
Cuba
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Fidel Castro led a rebellion in
Cuba & took control in 1959
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New Communist leader of
Cuba & friend with the USSR
Ike was still President & was
planning a coup in Cuba to get
Castro out; he was out of office
before he had the change to
apply it
JFK was advised of the plan &
used it
Castro had taken over US
holdings in Cuba; land, oil
refineries, sugar companies
etc.
April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Failed attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba, led by the US
The US aided 1400 Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba, nothing went right
The US led air strike failed to knock out all the air force, advance groups
sent to distract Castro never showed, CIA intelligence was wrong, the exiles
were poorly trained …..
Over 90 people were killed & others taken prisoner; some were US citizens
This failure embarrassed the US & JFK
JFK had to negotiate the release of some of the prisoners & paid $53 million
dollars in food & supplies as ransom
1962: Cuban
Missile Crisis
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A year later, another crisis emerged in
Cuba
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U-2 spy plane found missile bases in
Cuba ready to launch missiles that
could hit any city in the US
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The USSR supported Cuba & were
sending missiles to them
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Lasted about a week & war seemed
likely between the US & USSR
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This was the most dangerous part of
JFK’s foreign policy actions
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JFK set up blockade aroudn Cuba &
threatened to bomb USSR if they
didn’t pull back - The Soviets backed
down
Berlin (Again!!) 1961
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West Berlin was prosperous &
the East was not
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West – democratic, free trade,
participates in Marshall Plan
etc.
East – Communist, no free
trade, no Marshall plan etc.
People were fleeing E. Berlin
to W. Berlin & the Soviets
didn’t like that; it showed
Communism wasn’t as good
as they said
3 million people had fled to the
west in 3 years
The Soviets tried to intimidate
JFK; esp. after the Bay of Pigs
Berlin Wall
Remember, Remember the 9th
of November
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August 1961: Soviets move troops
along border of Berlin
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Within days, a wall begins to be
constructed to divide Berlin (east
from west)
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Berlin Wall: Separated E. & W.
Berlin
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Lasted until Nov. 9, 1989
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Created in 1949 in response to the Berlin
blockade
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Fear of Communist aggression
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Defensive military alliance against
Communism – an attack on one is an attack
on all
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12 members: USA, Canada, & most of
W. Europe
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If USSR attacked a member nation, the
other members would come to its aid
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Some feared this would lead to an arms
race between the USA & USSR, & a
massive military build up in Europe
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By 1955, NATO had over 500,000
troops & tons of equipment
USSR & Eastern European alliance against
Democracy
Similar to NATO
Created in response to NATO
When Hungary attempted to back out, Stalin
invaded with tanks, killing over 30,000 people
(1956)
China in the
United Nations
 The UN recognized Formosa as China
because it wasn’t Communist
Election of 1952
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US has an election year in the midst of
the Korean conflict & internal problems
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Republican: Eisenhower
Democrat: Stevenson
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Eisenhower (R) wins in a landslide
 Nixon VP
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Main Issue: Fighting & containing
Communism
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Democrats seen as soft of Communism
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Truman lost China
“The people who know war, those who
have experienced, I believe are the
most earnest advocates of peace in
the world.”
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Eisenhower did support the war in
Korea
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Fear of Communism & Communists
after WWII
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Similar to the one experienced after
WWI
Created hysteria
Causes:
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USSR exploded its 1st A-Bomb in 1949
Differences in Democracy &
Communism
The Rosenbergs:
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Many scientists thought it would take
the USSR 5 years to explode a nuclear
weapon
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1953
It happened in 1949 & we feared spies!!
British physicists Klaus Fuchs admitted
giving secrets to the Rosenbergs
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Fuchs spent 14 years in jail
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The Rosenbergs were accused of
giving atomic bomb secrets to the
Soviets
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Found guilty & sentenced to death
(1953)
 1st civilians to be executed for
espionage
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Julius later proven guilty, wife was not
involved
US & USSR race to build the most powerful bombs/weapons
Both countries will build a massive stockpile of weapons, including
nuclear weapons!!
Scares the bajeebes out of everyone – Who’s going to bomb who
first?
Loyalty Review Boards
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Created by Truman in 1947
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Investigated federal employees &
got rid of those found disloyal to the
American gov’t.
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Looking to see if you belonged to the
Communist Party or any other
organization that seemed suspicious.
Endless questioning….
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During the Depression, people looked
for alternatives because Democracy
seemed to be failing
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Violated Civil Rights by not allowing
the accused to see the evidence
against them
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4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Amendments
House Un-American
Activities Committee
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Created on a temp. basis to monitor
foreign delegates; full time in 1945
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Investigated Soviet influence on
American popular culture
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Attacked the movie industry & accused
them of sneaking Soviet propaganda
into films
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Movies, music, literature, art etc.
Duh, the Soviets were our allies in
WWII, of course the movies made at
the time showed the in a positive way!
Began questioning movie stars,
producers, directors etc.
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Some were cooperative – others were
not
To get off the hook, all you had to do
was give them a name, it didn’t matter
whose name, just a name…
Hollywood Ten
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Those involved with the propaganda
movies were seen as traitors &
questioned
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Movie stars accused of being
Communists & refused to help the
HUAC’s investigation
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Thought the investigation & hearings
were unconstitutional
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The ten were convicted & served at
least one year in prison
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Most were blacklisted & never worked
in Hollywood again
Spies Like Us
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2 major spies cases fueled the hysteria
Alger Hiss: State Dept. official accused of spying for the Soviets
Richard Nixon helped lead attack on Hiss, who maintained his
innocence until his death
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Too many years passed since the incident, so he was only charged with
perjury & served a few years in jail
In early 1990s, Soviets released papers proving Hiss’ guilt
“Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist
Party?”
-Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy chairing the HUAC
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
amplified the Red Scare in the
1950s
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Began accusing various people of
Communist activities
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“I have in my hand a list of 50
Communists who work for the
State Dept.”
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Unsupported accusations, but won
national following
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Censored in Dec. 1954 after
accusing Army officials - Ike
doesn’t like
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Career fails
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Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy
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Nickname for the tactics used by McCarthy
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Unsupported accusation of being a Communist sympathizer
Accusing people of disloyalty without proof
Dragging their name through the mud, ruining lives & reputations
etc.
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McCarthy probably would have accused his own mother
if it would have helped his career
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He was hoping to run for President
11/1/52: Operation Ivy
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US & USSR still racing to produce more destructive weapons
1952: US exploded 1st hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb – 67
times more powerful than A-bombs
US had weapons superiority over USSR until 1953 when the
Soviets exploded their own H-Bomb
CIA: Central
Intelligence Agency
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After WWII, the US needed to know what was going on in Europe
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Justification for creating CIA in 1947 by Truman
Intelligence agency that used spies to find out what was going on in other
countries, especially Communist countries or those thought sympathetic to
Communism
Used secret operations to weaken other countries
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Ie: Iran: US gave money to supporters of the Shah to get him into power so he would
allow Western countries control of Iran’s oil fields (More problems will arise from this action
in the future!!)
Space Race
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Race between the USA & USSR
to get to the moon
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Sputnik: First artificial satellite in
space – launched by the USSR in
1957
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American Education: Changed to
focus more on math, sciences &
foreign languages
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US feels inferior to Soviets & fall
behind in science & technology
Response to the Space Race
SCARES EVERYONE (US &
USSR)
Busted!
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U-2 Incident (1960)
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US spy plane shot down over Soviet
territory
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Ike wanted to stop mission as Cold
War seemed to be tapering off,
encouraged to do 1 more
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Gary Powers shot down by Soviets
5/1/60 (May Day)
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Ike admitted to spying
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Powers convicted & served 2 years,
released in spy exchange
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Heated tension between US &
USSR
What Else is
Happening?
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• NASA established
under Ike
Alaska & Hawaii become
states in 1959