Transcript The Onset of the Cold War

The Cold War
1945-1991
The end of World War II led to
important changes in the world:
U.N.
Peacekeeping
Interventions,
The
United Nations
was created1945-2009
which
replaced the League of Nations
United Nations
Headquarters
is
in
Executive
New York City
Council
General Assembly
Member Nations
The UN created a Jewish nation called Israel which
set off a series of wars with Arabs in the Middle East
The United States occupied & helped rebuild Japan
The end of the war inspired independence
throughout Africa & Asia, called decolonization
The
One
United
of theStates
most
&important
Soviet Union
changes
were
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II
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dominated
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the Cold
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From 1945 to 1991,
What
were
the&
the
United
States
Soviet
entered of
an
majorUnion
ideologies
era of distrust & hostility
the USA
& Cold
USSR?
known
as the
War
Examining Cold War Ideologies
■ The Cold War was a conflict of ideology
between the USA & Soviet Union
–Step 1: Match each of the 8 cards with
their appropriate definition
–Step 2: Sort the cards by determining
which 4 describe the USA & which
4 cards describe the USSR
–Step 3: Match each of the 8 images with
the correct definition
The
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of theStates
most
&important
Soviet Union
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after World&War
rivals
II
was
whothe
dominated
beginning
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the Cold
politics
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ThisDuring
was anthe
eraCold
of competing
War,
the
ideologies:
United States
the USA
&
Soviet
promoted
Union
democracy
entered an
&
capitalism
era of distrust
while
& the
hostility
USSR
triedfrom
to spread
1945 to
communism
1991
The different ideologies between USA & USSR and
their desires to spread these ideas led to an era of
distrust, hostility, proxy battles, & near nuclear war
What Caused the
Cold War?
In 1917, Lenin led
the Bolsheviks in the
Russian Revolution
Distrust
when
&
createdbegan
the world’s
the communist
USA sent troops
first
gov’t
to fight the “Red
Army” during the
Russian
Civil
War in
After
Lenin’s
death
1924, Joseph Stalin
became dictator of
the Soviet Union
During WWII, the
USA & USSR worked
together to defeat
the Axis Powers, but…
…World War II increased
tensions between the
USA and USSR
Stalin never trusted
the Britain or the USA
during World War II
The Manhattan Project gave the USA a
monopoly on nuclear weapon technology
At the Yalta Conference,
But, Stalin wanted a
Stalin agreed to allow
“buffer zone” between
self-determination in the USSR & the democratic
Eastern Europe
nations in Western Europe
Stalin used his military
to install communist
gov’ts in Eastern
European nations
As
Inathe
result,
yearsEastern
after World
European
War nations
II, the USA began
turned to
communist
view Stalin& as
became
a new Soviet
Hitler—a
satellites:
dangerous
nations
dictator
that were
who wanted
influenced
to take
by the
over
USSR
the world
By 1946, Europe was divided by an “iron curtain”
that separated democratic/capitalist Western
Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe
Communism &
Totalitarianism
Capitalism &
Democracy
The U.S. created a foreign policy called containment
to stop Soviet influence & the spread of communism
When the USSR began to pressure Greece & Turkey
to turn communist, the U.S. created the
Truman Doctrine, promising economic & military
help to any nation threatened by communism
T=
The Truman Doctrine
worked & neither
Greece nor Turkey
fell to communism
European nations had difficulty recovering after
WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe
The U.S. created the
Marshall Plan which
offered $13 billion to help
rebuild post-war Europe
M=
By 1952, Western Europe
recovered & Communism
never took root
Marshall
Plan to
Aid
Europe
1948-1952
In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn
Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that
Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe
In 1949, the United
States formed the
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO): a military
alliance among
democratic
countries in Europe
& North America
At the end of
WWII, Germany
was divided into
zones occupied
by the USA,
Britain, France,
& the USSR
Berlin, the
German capital,
was also divided
but was located
in the Soviet zone
In 1948, Stalin tried to turn
all of Berlin communist &
ordered the Berlin Blockade
which shut down all ground
transportation to West Berlin
In response, the U.S. began the Berlin Airlift
For 11 months, U.S.
& British planes
supplies landed in
Berlin to bring food,
fuel, & supplies
Stalin admitted
defeat & lifted the
blockade in 1949
The United States
successfully kept
West Berlin from
turning communist
From 1945 to 1949,
But over the next 40 years,
the United States
the Cold War intensified as
successfully contained communism spread to Asia,
communism in Europe Africa, and Latin America
The Cold War intensified as new nuclear weapons
were introduced; espionage (spying ) increased;
& wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan
the&1940s, 50s, & 60s the USA fought to
TheInUSA
contain
Soviet
Unioncommunism throughout the world
engaged in the
Cold War from
1945 to 1991
In the 1970s, U.S. détente
policy ended as the USSR
invaded Afghanistan
In the 1980s, two new leaders changed
the direction of the Cold War: U.S. President
Ronald Reagan & Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
Reagan’s goal was to win
Reagan took a
the Cold War & restore
strong stand against
America’s position as a
communism &
dominant super power
the Soviet Union
Reagan referred to the
Soviet Union as an
“evil empire”
He spent $2 trillion to
increase the size of the
American military
He sent over 500 ICMBs
to Western Europe to
protect NATO allies
Reagan’s most ambitious program was the
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), called Star Wars,
to protect the U.S. from Soviet nuclear attacks
In the 1980s, two new leaders changed
the direction of the Cold War: U.S. President
Ronald Reagan & Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet socialism did not Mikhail Gorbachev came
offer incentives for hard
to power in 1982 at a
work;
By
the
1980s,
the
time when the USSR was
The
USSR
spent
50%
of
USSR
had
low
industrial
facing
serious
problems
its
budget
on
the
military,
& agricultural
was
fighting anproduction
expensive
war in Afghanistan, &
Soviet leaders
faced
maintained
troops
and
the in
impossible
task
tanks
Eastern Europe
of competing
with SDI
The
Soviet government
&restricted
taking the
arms race
freedom
of
space
speechinto
& did
not allow
democratic elections so
no alternative opinions
were offered
Soviet Problem Solving Group Activity:
• Assume the role of Gorbachev &
assess the USSR’s problems
• Brainstorm three reforms the USSR
could adopt to solve these problems
• Keep in mind: You want to save
Soviet communism, not destroy it
Gorbachev began three major reforms to save
the communist system in the Soviet Union
Gorbachev introduced
glasnost (“openness”) to
encourage freedom of
speech & to allow
expression of new ideas
Perestroika relaxed some
gov’t controls over farms
and factories to make
production more efficient
& it allowed citizens to
open small businesses
Democratization allowed
citizens to vote for
Communist politicians
'Be Bold, Comrade! Openness: Our Strength!'
(but Communists only)
“Don't Be Afraid of Work.”
In addition to his economic reforms,
Gorbachev changed Soviet foreign policy
Reagan’s SDI plan forced
Gorbachev withdrew
Gorbachev to admit that
Soviet tank divisions
the USSR could not keep
from the communist
up with the arms race
nations in Eastern Europe
In 1989, Gorbachev
ended the 9 year war
in Afghanistan
In 1987, Reagan &
Reagan was able to work
with Gorbachev to reduce Gorbachev agreed to end
all medium-range ICBMs
Cold War tensions
Rather than saving the communist system in
the USSR & Eastern Europe, Gorbachev’s
reforms helped bring an end to communism
In 1989, a surge of democratic revolution swept
through the Eastern European communist satellites
Eastern European nations
broke from Soviet control
& created democracies
Gorbachev did not use the
Soviet military to stop
these revolutions
In November 1989, the
Berlin Wall came down
Ethnic nationalism & desire for democracy led to
the break-up of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991
In 1990, the Soviet states
In 1991, the Soviet
of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Union broke apart
declared independence
& 15 new nations
from the Soviet Union
were formed
The break-up of the
Soviet Union in 1991
marked the end of the
Cold War