Transcript Japan - Denton ISD

REBIRTH AND REVOLUTION:
NATION-BUILDING IN EAST
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM

The Pacific Ocean is the center of world today



Mediterranean Sea was the ocean of the past
Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present: 1450 – 1945
Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the future



Key Players


China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong
United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Chile

1st Economy of the World: US
2nd Economy of the World: China

3rd Economy of the World: Japan




High technology, consumer electronics, computers, and automobiles
Major financial investment of US, China, Japan in each other, region
Impact on Region




1970 – 1982: US trade with Europe was up 400%
Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was up 800%
Technology has hurt small producers, traditional markets
Shift of industry, agricultural production around Pacific
Massive immigration of Asians to the United States, Canada, Australia, Latin America
Threats to Prosperity


Warfare and conflicts: Korean War, Vietnamese War
Potential for conflict between China and Taiwan

Japan emerged from World War I as a world power





Prosperity short-lived










Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria
Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack
Incident became pretext for Japanese attack against China
Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932
Japanese dictatorship




Between internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, nationalists
Much hostility to foreign influences by nationalists
Attempt to build large navy stopped by Washington Naval Accords
Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change
The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria


Economy slumped during Great Depression
Labor unrest, demands for social reforms
Massive earthquake in 1920s hit Tokyo
Political conflict emerged


Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UK
Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integrity
Participated in the League of Nations but often neutral or hostile
Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies
Emerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by military
Many of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, tradition
Plans drawn up to conquer, control Asia-Pacific led to World War II
Defeat in World War II led to US occupation under Douglas MacArthur

Post-1945 World War II Asia Pacific





Civil War in China between Nationalists and Communists
War in Indo-China between French and Viet Minh (Nationalists, Communists)
War in Indonesia between Dutch and Indonesian Nationalists
US troops in occupation of Japan
The Korea War, 1951-1953

Korea divided at 38th parallel







U.S. ally in south: Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee
Soviet ally in north: People’s Democratic Republic of Korea under Kim Il-Sung
North Korean troops crossed 38th parallel , captured Seoul, June 1950
U.S. and UN troops pushed back North Korean troops to Chinese border
Chinese troops came in, pushed U.S. forces, allies back in the south
Both sides agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953, again at 38th parallel
Globalization of containment



Western fears of international communism must be contained
Creation of SEATO, an Asian counterpart of NATO
“Domino theory": if one country falls to communism, others will follow

US occupation of Japan began an economic recovery




US role

Broke up Zaibatsus, established base rules for capitalism, rebuilt industries

Established democracy, pressed for female suffrage, abolished state religion
Postwar Japan

Had few resources, no overseas empire

Benefited from U.S. aid, investments

Did not have a large defense budget because of US protection; money to industry
Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who cooperate with businesses
Japan's "economic miracle"



Japan

Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages

Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steel

Government supported incentives for trade, innovation, experimentation

Government sponsored research, development for businesses

Companies took care of workers, families with cradle to grave support
Reinvested profits

In capital-intensive industries such as cars, aircraft, shipping, electronics

In technology-intensive production such as telecommunications
Rapid growth, 1960s-1980s; Suffered recession in 1990s



The Little Tigers

In beginning: Four Tigers – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

Followed Japanese model of export-driven industry

In 1980s rapid growth; by 1990s highly competitive

Industrial wealth, capitalism, trade led to democratization, pressure for reform

Stressed group collectivism and cooperation, limitations on dissent

Relied on government support of economic system
Korean Economic Miracle

Generals tended to dominate politics until the 1980s

During this time supported industrialization and economic growth

Began with cheap consumer goods

Built up a trained industrial force of workers

Corporations Hyundai and Daewoo and Samsung

Became a newly industrializing nation by 1980s and strong economic force
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are now joining these nations
The republic, after 1911

Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule
Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China


Growth of Chinese nationalism

Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace Conference to end treaty system
Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese expansion into China
May 4TH Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism
Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921




CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang (The Nationalist Party)

CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism
Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism
Two parties formed alliance, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners



Nationalist China 1912 - 1945

Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925




After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords
Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideology





Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China
Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928
1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists
China was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strength
Sets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reform
Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese 1931 - 1945
Origins of Communist China




Civil war between nationalists and communists resumed, 1945
Communists armed, supported by USSR
Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China, 1949
Social and economic transformation of China







Political reorganization dominated by Communist Party, Chairman Mao
Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to forced labor camps
Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry
Massive land redistribution at village level
Collective farms with basic health and primary education
Emancipation of women: divorce, abortion, footbinding finally ended
Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet Union





Both communist; shared common enemy, the United States
Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan
Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early 1950s
USSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat China on UN Security Council
Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s




USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist countries
Both nations openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia
Rift between the two nations was public by the end, 1964
Taiwan (Republic of China)




Outmaneuvered, the nationalists under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan in 1948
Taiwan protected by the US, develops modern industry, major world trading nation
Increasing tensions for reunification with China
Mao reunified China under communism

People’s Republic declared in 1949




Annexed Tibet in 1949; border conflicts with India
Supported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE Asia
Intervened directly in Korean War to prevent American victory
Great Leap Forward (1958--1961)





Effort to catch up with industrial nations
Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included grandiose, weird ideas
All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal
Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959--1962
Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976






To root out "revisionism," revitalize the revolutionary fervor
Students became the instruments of revolution against old, elite
Idea was that revolutionary fervor as communist better than science, expertise
Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death
Educated elites targeted; setback for Chinese education and science
Deng's revolution





Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence
Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian
Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997: how to absorb democratic city?
The rise of China since the death of Mao Zedong





Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology
Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy
Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets
China joined WTO in 2001
1914 – 1940




French Indochina: Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos
Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya, parts of Borneo, Singapore)
Independent Siam (Thailand): border state between French, British
1940 – 1945





Japanese occupy whole area within first weeks of World War II
Controlled areas through puppet regimes while exploiting the resources
End of war saw English, French, Dutch determined to restore their colonies
US grants Philippines independence
Vietnam


Fighting the French in Vietnam






Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954





Japan's invasion ended French rule; Ho Chi Minh declared independence
France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945
Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; killed at least ten thousand civilians
Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla warfare from the countryside
Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954
Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at 17th parallel
South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared communist victory
US supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam
North Vietnam received assistance from USSR and China
Cold war stalemate : The Vietnam War until 1975



Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam
President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965
U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973