Transcript cold war conflicts

COLD WAR
CONFLICTS
U.S vs. U.S.S.R.
Section 2
The Cold War Heats Up
After World War II, China becomes a communist
nation and Korea is split into a communist north
and a democratic south.
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Learning Objectives:
Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up
1. Explain how Communists came to
power in China and how the United
States reacted.
2. Summarize the events of the Korean
War.
3. Explain the conflict between
President Truman and General
MacArthur.
SECTION
2
The Cold War Heats Up
China Becomes a Communist Country
Nationalists Versus Communists
• Chinese Communists battle nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-shek
• U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is
inefficient, corrupt
• Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to
get peasant support
• Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945,
communists control north China
Continued . . .
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SECTION 2:
THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
CHINA:
For two decades, Chinese
communists had
struggled against the
nationalist government
of Chiang Kai-Shek
The U.S. supported Chiang
and gave the Nationalist
Party $3 billion in aid
during WWII
However, Mao Zedong’s
Communist Party in
China was strong,
especially among Chinese
peasants
GUIDED READING
Civil war in China
1. Which
side the
United
States
support,
and why?
China:
Nationalists;
because they
opposed
communism
SECTION
2
continued
China Becomes a Communist Country
Renewed Civil War
• 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to
Nationalists to oppose communism
• 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan
• Communists establish People’s Republic of
China in mainland
• U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese
government
America Reacts to Communist Takeover
• U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover
• Conservatives blame Truman for not
sending enough aid
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CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947
After Japan left China at the
end of the War, Chinese
Nationalists and Communists
fought a bloody civil war
Despite the U.S. sending
$ billions to the Nationalists,
the Communists under Mao
won the war and ruled China
Chiang and the Nationalists
fled China to neighboring
Taiwan (Formosa)
Mao established the People’s
Republic of China
MAO
Kai-Shek
GUIDED READING
Civil war in China
What did the China: sent the
United
Nationalists
States do
billions of dollars
to affect
in military
the
equipment and
outcome
supplies; tried to
of the
negotiate an end to
war?
the war
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – What factors led to the Communist
takeover in China?
The Nationalist were corrupt and nonsupportive of the peasants.
The communist had strong leadership, and
they worked to win peasant support.
AMERICA STUNNED
The American public
was shocked that
China had fallen to the
Communists
Many believed
containment had
failed and communism
was expanding
American fear of
communism and
communist expansion
was increasing
GUIDED READING
Civil war in China
How did the
China: with shock, anger,
American public
and fear; Americans
react to that
couldn't believe that the
outcome, and
policy of containment had
failed and demanded
why?
explanations from the
government.
SECTION
2
The Korean War
A Divided Country
• 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese
surrender in Korea
• North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.;
south to U.S.
• Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea founded
North Korea Attacks South Korea
• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins
Korean War
• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion;
Security Council approves
• MacArthur put in command of South Korean,
U.S., other forces
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KOREAN WAR
Soviet
controlled
U.S.
controlled
Japan had taken over
Korea in 1910 and ruled
it until August 1945
As WWII ended,
Japanese troops north of
the 38th parallel
surrendered to the
Soviets
Japanese soldiers south
of the 38th surrendered to
the Americans
As in Germany, two
nations developed, one
communist (North Korea)
and one democratic
(South Korea)
NORTH KOREA ATTACKS
SOUTH KOREA
On June 25, 1950, North
Korean forces swept
across the 38th parallel in
a surprise attack on
South Korea
With only 500 U.S. troops
in South Korea, the
Soviets figured the
Americans would not
fight to save South Korea
Instead, America sent
troops, planes and ships
to South Korea
MACARTHUR’S
COUNTERATTACK
At first, North Korea
seemed unstoppable
However, General
MacArthur launched
a counterattack with
tanks, heavy
artillery, and troops
Many North Koreans
surrendered; others
retreated across the
38th parallel
INCHON LANDING
GUIDED READING
Civil war in Korea
1. Which side the
United States
support, and
why?
Korea:
South Korea; because it was
democratic and North
Korea was Communist
B – How did Korea become a divided
nation after World War II?
North Korea surrendered to the Soviets.
South Korea surrendered to the United States.
Two separate countries emerged;
• North Korea and South Korea
CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT
Just as it looked like the
Americans were going to
score a victory in the
North, 300,000 Chinese
soldiers joined the war
on the side of the North
Koreans
The fight between North
and South Korea had
turned into a war in
which the main
opponents were Chinese
Communists vs. America
GUIDED READING
Civil war in Korea
What did the United
States do to affect
the outcome of the
war?
Korea: provided naval
and air support; sent
troops; went to war
C – How did the involvement of
communist China affect the Korean
War?
Just as UN forces had overtaken North
Korea,
the Chinese entered the war on the side of
North Korea and pushed the UN troops
southward.
SECTION
2
The United States Fights in Korea
MacArthur’s Counterattack
• North Korea drives south, captures Seoul
• UN, South Korean troops forced into small
defensive zone
• MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides,
pushes into north
The Chinese Fight Back
• China sends troops to help North Korea; push
south, capture Seoul
• Fighting continues for 2 more years
Continued . . .
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GUIDED READING
Civil war in Korea
What was the
Korea: stalemate; Korea
outcome of the
remained two nations
divided by a demilitarized
war?
zone; the United States lost
54,000 American live and
spent $67 billion.
MacArthur Wins!
SECTION
2
continued
The United States Fights in Korea
MacArthur Recommends Attacking China
• MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman
rejects request
• Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact
• UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to
38th parallel
MacArthur Versus Truman
• MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China;
Truman fires him
• Public outraged over hero’s dismissal
• Congressional committee investigation concludes
Truman right
Continued . . .
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MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS
ATTACKING CHINA
To halt the bloody stalemate,
General MacArthur called for
an extension of the war into
China
Furthermore, MacArthur
called for the U.S. to drop
atomic bombs on several
Chinese cities
President Truman rejected
the General’s requests
MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN
MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to
attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back –
Truman was furious with his general
On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking
announcement that he had fired MacArthur
Americans were surprised and many still supported
their fallen general
Macarthur
was given
a tickertape
parade
D – How did Truman and MacArthur differ
over strategy in the Korean War?
MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear
war against China.
Truman wanted to limit the war.
SECTION
2
continued
The United States Fights in Korea
Settling for Stalemate
• 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire
• 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized
zone established
• Lack of success, high human, financial costs help
elect Eisenhower
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AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED
Negotiators
began working
on a settlement
as early as the
summer of 1951
Finally, in
July 1953, an
agreement
was signed that
ended the war
in a stalemate
(38th parallel)
America’s cost:
54,000 lives
and $67 billion
Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.
GUIDED READING
Civil war in Korea
How did the
American public
react to that
outcome, and
why?
Korea: with dismay; the
high costs of the
unsuccessful war led
Americans to reject
the Democratic party.