Transcript CH 33:4-5 "Cold War Hotspots" Powerpoint

CHAPTER 33, Section 4-5:
Cold War Around the World
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how the Cold War affected developing nations.
• Describe superpower confrontations in Latin America affect WWII.
• Identify Cold War conflicts in the Middle East.
• Analyze Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union-China split.
• Trace the origins of détente and its effects on the Cold War.
• Describe the renewal of Cold War tensions in the 1980s.
AGENDA: Please begin Warm-up and get focused for class immediately.
• WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map & answer questions pp. 873
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 4 - 5
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 34, Sections 4, Complete packet p. 12
REMEMBER
MAJOR QUIZ
on
CH 33: Section 4 – “Confrontations over Developing Nations” Text p. 871; Packet p. 7
Textbook, p. 871
Following WWII – the political grouping into three “worlds”:
First World – United States & its allies
Second World – U.S.S.R. & its allies
Third World – developing nations, many newly independent. nonaligned nations
not officially aligned with the two superpowers.
See Map,
“Cold War
Hot Spots”;
Textbook
p. 873
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “United States Counters Soviet Expansion” Text p. 872; Packet p. 7
Following WWII – the political grouping into three “worlds”:
First World – United States & its allies.
Second World – U.S.S.R. & its allies
Third World – developing nations, many newly independent. nonaligned nations
not officially aligned with the two superpowers.
CUBA
1959 – Fidel Castro leads a
revolution in Cuba.
Throughout the 1950s, the United
States had supported Cuba’s
unpopular dictator Fulgencio
Batista. Though he used violent
methods of suppression, he
remained friendly to U.S. business
interests in the country.
1. How did revolution affect Cuba?
At first, the economy, health care, &
literacy improved; however, Castro’s
harsh dictatorship violated human rights.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “Face-Off in Latin America” Text p. 872; Packet p. 7
1961 – Castro turns back Cuban
invasion at Bay of Pigs.
2.
Why did the United States support the invasion?
U.S. relations with Cuba had deteriorated as a
result of Castro’s economic policies. The U.S.
was embarrassed by the failed invasion attempt.
Cuban poster warning before
invasion showing a soldier
armed with a Soviet-made
RPD machine gun.
The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev,
believed the United States had been so embarrassed
by the incident that it would not dare put up
further resistance to Soviet expansion
(including the support of communist leaders
like Castro) in Latin America….
…..Kennedy was about to prove Khrushchev wrong.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4
– “United States Counters Soviet Expansion”
Packet p. 7
1962 – United States demands
that Soviets withdraw
missiles from Cuba.
Read,
“The Cuban
Missile
Crisis”
packet, p. 8
Missile sites in Cuba.
Maximum range of Soviet missiles in Cuba.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4
T. Loessin / Akins High School
– “The Cuban Missile Crisis” Text p. 872
Packet p. 7
CH 33: Section 4
– “United States Counters Soviet Expansion”
Packet p. 7
1962 – United States demands
that Soviets withdraw
3.
missiles from Cuba.
Read,
“The Cuban
Missile
Crisis”
packet, p. 8
How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved?
The U.S. blockade of Cuba and troops on alert in Florida
led Khruschev to remove missiles in return for a U.S.
promise not to invade Cuba (and, behind the scenes deal
for the U.S. to remove its missiles in Turkey).
Missile sites in Cuba.
Maximum range of Soviet missiles in Cuba.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “Civil War in Nicaragua” Text p. 873; Packet p. 7
Luis Somoza (left) was the older brother of Antonio Somoza (right)
who both succeeded their dictator father Antonio Somoza who had
been assassinated in 1956. The father and his two sons ruled with
harsh suppression of opposition in their country of Nicaragua. The
younger Antonio’s excesses of power turned the population against
him and civil war erupted in 1978.
1979 – Communist Sandinista rebels
overthrow dictatorship in Nicaragua.
4. What were the consequences of
civil war for Nicaragua?
A weakened economy, political unrest, many
died. Ortega eventually became President.
Daniel Ortega was leader of the FSLN (or, Sandinista National
Liberation army) and acquired most of his skill as a guerilla
fighter as well as arms from Castro in neighboring Cuba. The
U.S.-supported “Contras” failed after years of bloody civil war and Ortega
became President in 1984. Despite the fact that most international observers
declared the heavily-monitored election to be “fair”; the U.S. President
Reagan condemned the election and ordered mines placed in Nicaragua's
harbors (a violation of international law that was condemned by the United
Nations). Recently, Ortega allowed for new free elections, and was defeated.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Sec. 1 – “U.S.-backed Secular Rule Clashes with Religious Values in Iran” Text p. 857
With Iran's great oil wealth, Mohammad Reza Shah became the preeminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled "Guardian" of the
Persian Gulf. In 1975, he abolished the multi-party system of
government so that he could rule through a one-party state in autocratic fashion, which he claimed was a response, among other things,
to the Soviet Union's support of Iranian Communist militias.
The Shah of Iran
He took a number of major modernization measures, including extending suffrage to
women, much to the discontent and opposition of the Islamic clergy. He instituted exams
for Islamic theologians to become established clerics as well. These western-styled
changes, his friendship with Israel and close ties to the U.S.,
as well as his secret police force (the SAVAK) angered
Iran’s citizens, especially fundamentalist Muslims. In 1979,
at the bequest of the Prime Minister Bakhtiar, the Shah left Iran
in an attempt to quell the tensions between his secular
government and Islamic clerics.
It was then Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all
political prisoners, and allowed the Ayatollah Khomeini
to return to Iran after years in exile, encouraging him as
he creates a “Vatican-like” Islamic state in Qom.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7
Under the Shah’s rule, living conditions for the Iranian people
improved significantly, and many basic human and
democratic rights were established (e.g. extending suffrage to
women). But such western values were fiercely opposed by
Mullahs who opposed the Shah. The Shah was denounced by
many for being a puppet of the United States.
The Shah of Iran and U.S. President Jimmy Carter celebrate the Shah’s 1977 visit and trade terms with the U.S.
The Iranian Revolution in 1979 transformed Iran from a pro-western
constitutional monarchy, under Shah Pahlavi, to an Islamic
theocratic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
An alliance of liberal, leftist, and religious groups ousted the Shah;
the second stage of the Revolution, often named the Islamic
Revolution, saw the rise of the Ayatollah who opposed morally
corrupting Western influences and turned Iran into a republic ruled
strictly by Islamic law.
1979 – the Islamic revolution
sends Shah into exile.
5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States?
The U.S. had supported the Shah and his westernizing of Iran
which the Ayatollah considered offensive to Islamic beliefs.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7
1979 – Islamic revolution
sends Shah into exile.
5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States?
The U.S. had supported the Shah and his westernizing of Iran
which the Ayatollah considered offensive to Islamic beliefs.
In 1979 the U.S. admitted the deposed Shah of Iran into a
Houston hospital for medical treatment. For the Ayatollah,
this was the last straw.
With his blessing, Islamic revolutionaries stormed the
Ayatollah Khomeini
U.S. embassy in Tehran taking 60 Americans hostage.
of Iran.
Involved as it was in the heated
dispute with Iran, the U.S. Carter
administration made a decision
to secretly aid the Iraqi regime
of Saddam Hussein – supplying
him with weapons to fight Iran’s
forces – weapons that, ironically
would later be used against U.S.
forces during the Persian Gulf
war of 1990-91.
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The Iran – Iraq War 1980 – 88
Iraq invaded Iran following a
long history of border disputes
Saddam Hussein
of Iraq
CH 33: Section 4 – “The Hostage Crisis” Text p. 874 - 875; Packet p. 7
With the Ayatollah’s blessing, Islamic revolutionaries stormed
the U.S. embassy in Tehran taking 60 Americans hostage.
An attempt to rescue the American hostages held in Iran was
authorized by President Jimmy Carter but failed – this debacle
Ayatollah Khomeini and Carter’s inability to resolve the Middle East oil
embargo that had caused a severe energy crisis in the
of Iran.
U.S. tainted Carter’s presidency.
On January 20, 1981, Iran agreed to free the hostages if demands were
met. These included the return of the Shah's wealth to the Iranian people;
an admission of guilt by the U.S. for its past actions in Iran; and a promise
by the U.S. not to interfere in Iranian affairs in the future.
Involved as it was in the heated
dispute with Iran, the U.S. Carter President Carter met these demands, and Iran
administration made a decision allowed the hostages to go free.
to secretly aid the Iraqi regime
of Saddam Hussein – supplying
The Iranian Hostage Crisis
him with weapons to fight Iran’s
had lasted 444 days.
forces – weapons that, ironically
Americans celebrated their return on
would later be used against U.S.
January 20, 1981, the same day new
forces during the Persian Gulf
President Ronald Reagan took office.
war of 1990-91.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “The Hostage Crisis” Text p. 875; Packet p. 7
THE IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL
While the Iranian hostage crisis had ended in 1981 another hostage crisis would stain the next
President’s record as well.
In 1983, members of Al-Dawa ("The Call"), a pro-Iranian militant organization, were imprisoned
for their part in a series of truck bombs in Kuwait.
In response to the imprisonment, an ally of Al-Dawa, Hezbollah took 30 hostages, 6 of whom
were American. Hezbollah demanded the release of the prisoners for these hostages.
Several members of the Reagan Administration - including the National Security Advisor Robert
McFarlane, Col. Oliver North (a military aide to McFarlane) and Admiral John Poindexter
(who replaced McFarlane when the sale of weapons initially failed) engaged in the sale of arms to Iran, an avowed enemy of the U.S. who
was at the time involved in the Iran-Iraq War that killed over a million
Iraqis. The weapons were sold at a 370 percent mark-up and the proceeds
from the sales were used to illegally fund the Contras, a guerrilla group
the U.S. supported in Nicaragua’s civil war.
President Reagan appeared before the American public and claimed the
United States had not sold weapons to Iran. Later in a Presidential
Address he clarified that facts showed that the administration had, in
fact, done so. Reagan repeatedly denied that he himself had authorized
the arms exchanges, but took full responsibility for what happened.
CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7
Khomeini encouraged Muslim fundamentalists (strict believers) in the
Middle East to overthrow their secular governments, hoping this would
lead to a regional unification of Muslim states. However, this policy
only heightened the tensions between Iran (majority Shi’a) and its
neighbor Iraq (whose population belonged to the rival Sunni sect)
The Ayatollah Khomeini led by the secular ruler Saddam Hussein.
of Iran.
The Iran – Iraq War 1980 – 88
Iraq invaded Iran following a
long history of border disputes
Saddam Hussein
of Iraq.
Over a million people died in the war.
1988 – U.N. ceasefire ends
hostilities between Iran & Iraq.
6. What part did the United States play in this Muslim war?
The U.S. government at first aided Iraq and then, during the
Reagan administration, secretly sold arms to Iran.
Iran would not be the only place in the Middle East in which Cold
War tensions erupted….
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 4 – “Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan” Text p. 875; Packet p. 7
The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a 10-year war between Soviet communist forces vs. antigovernment insurgents. The Soviet Union supported the Marxist government while the Mujahideen
insurgents (that included groups such as the Taliban) found support from a variety of sources
including the United States - whose donation of American-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile
systems did much damage to the Soviets.
Ironically, the donation would come back to haunt the U.S. when it launched its military operation in
Afghanistan in 2001 in order to oust the Taliban following the September 11 attacks.
1989 – Soviet Union withdraws its
forces from Afghanistan.
7. How was the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan similar
to U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
Both were costly wars that lasted longer than expected
(10 years); both superpowers were overpowered by
rebel guerilla forces.
The war killed about 15,000 Soviet troops and
over a million Afghan Mujahideen rebels.
AFGHANISTAN
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