Transcript Chapter 18 Reconstruction PowerPoint

Chapter 18
Reconstruction:
North and South
The War’s Aftermath
• Development in the North
• During the war, without southern opposition, US laws
became more friendly to business.
• Morrill Tariff (Doubled import Tariff)
• Transcontinental Railroad in the North
• Morrill Land Grant
• Devastation in the South
• Sherman’s March destroyed infrastructure
• Property Value collapse, Confederate Money useless
• Cotton and Rice production destroyed
The War’s Aftermath
• A Transformed South
– Freed Slaves
– White Southerners hated the North for imposing
new rules
• Legally Free, Socially Bound
– Former slaves had no property, $$ or friends
– Should former slaves be given land? Few
Northerners supported this.
The War’s Aftermath
• The Freedmen’s Bureau
– Not an overly powerful group as congress did not
provide the Bureau with real power.
• Provided clothing and food
• Negotiated contracts with plantation owners and freed
slaves
• Provided medical treatment
• Set up some schools
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
(December 8, 1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the
South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking military
and civilian Confederate officers.
*
When 10% of the voting population in the
1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and
established a government, it would be
recognized.
President Lincoln’s Plan
1864  “Lincoln
Governments” formed in LA,
TN, AR
*
“loyal assemblies”
*
They were weak and
dependent on the
Northern army for
their survival.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number of
1860 voters to take an “iron clad”
oath of allegiance (swearing they
had never voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state constitutional
convention before the election of
state officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards of
freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 “Iron-Clad” Oath (requirement to hold
office).
 Vetoed by Lincoln – Lincoln believed that
the South simply needed to get realigned
with the rest of the US, not punished
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
The Assassination of Lincoln
• The Assassination of Lincoln – April 14, 1865
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President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property
over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called
them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
The Assassination of Lincoln
• Southern Intransigence
– Once they were allowed to send representatives,
the South returned many Confederates to
Congress, angering the Republicans, who
demanded reform-minded legislators. Many
southern states had enacted black codes designed
to limit African Americans in their new freedom
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Slavery is Dead?
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state constitutions
fell short of minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
*
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
Congress Breaks with the President
 Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and
security of freed people.
*
Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
*
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that
of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for denying
the right to vote to black citizens!
Reconstructing the South
• The Triumph of Congressional Reconstruction
– Johnson received a devastating defeat in the 1866 midterm election
for Congress as the Radical Republicans were returned with over a
two-thirds majority.
– Congress would then embark on a new program designed to limit the
power of the president and to exert control over Reconstruction.
– First, it declared that any state that had met previous guidelines to
return to the Union was still in rebellion; second, it denied the power
of the president to remove members of his cabinet
– In order to return to the Union, states had to craft new constitutions,
provide universal male suffrage, and adopt the Fourteenth
Amendment, after which Congress would consider allowing them to
return. Until then, all of the South would be divided into five military
districts controlled by governors.
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Reconstructing the South
• The Impeachment and Trial of Johnson
– Johnson and his secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, who had been appointed by
Lincoln, did not get along.
– In 1867, Johnson removed Stanton from that position and tried to appoint
Grant. The Radical Republicans impeached Johnson on the grounds that he
had violated the Tenure of Office Act, which they had passed in
– 1866. He would be impeached but would fall short of being removed from
office by one vote. Johnson would seek the Democrat nomination in 1868 for
his own term as president but would not receive it, and Grant would win the
election as a Republican.
• Republican Rule in the South
– By the end of 1870, all of the former Confederate states had met the
conditions for being readmitted, including ratifying the Fifteenth
Amendment, which gave all men the right to vote.
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Reconstructing the South
• The Freed Slaves
– Treatment by many Whites was still poor
– Military training = Political Leaders
– Churches formed foundation of African American
community – Religious and Social
– Marriages carried out and families set up
• African Americans in Southern Politics
– Few freed slaves in politics
– Many African American’s moved from Northern cities to
work in politics
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed up
to 60% interest to
tenant farmer to plant
spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from merchant
until the harvest.
 Merchant holds “lien”
{mortgage} on part of
tenant’s future crops
as repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
Landowner
 Plants crop, harvests in  Rents land to tenant in
autumn.
exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant farmer’s
future crop.
 Turns over up to ½ of
crop to land owner as
payment of rent.
 Tenant gives remainder
of crop to merchant in
payment of debt.
Black & White Political Participation
Establishment of Historically
Black Colleges in the South
Reconstructing the South
• “Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags”
– Two groups who gained new power in the South
• Carpetbaggers – Northerner’s who moved South
• Scalawags – Southerners who supported Union
• The Radical Republican Record
– Despite being despised by many whites in the south, the Radical
Republican’s left a legacy
• 600,000 Black students
• Railroads
• Blacks had new rights
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Grant Years
• The Election of 1868
– Although he had never held elected office before,
Grant would be elected president of the United States
in 1868, based mainly on his victory in the Civil War.
He was the youngest president at the time and was
often blind to the forces of politics once in office and
was awestruck by the wealth of some of his
supporters.
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any state on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that they
were not granted the vote!
The “Invisible Empire of the
South”
The Grant Years
• Election of 1876 – The country was in a Depression during the
election of 1876. Close election between Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes
and Democrat, Samuel Tilden.
• The Compromise of 1877 –
• Hayes strikes secret deal with Democrats in Senate to vote
him President if he removes all Federal troops from South.
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Grant Years
• The End of Reconstruction
– 1877 Hayes removes troops from Louisiana and
SC. Soon after Republican governments fall.
– Hayes loses legitimacy as President
– Civil rights in the South takes a giant step
backwards
– In general, Reconstruction failed in the short term
but left a legacy of the 13th , 14th and 15th
Amendments waiting to be upheld.
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