Transcript Chapter 8 con`t.

The Creeks
in 1831, the Principal Chiefs of the Creeks wrote
to the Secretary of War that they would not
agree to remove
 The Creek refusal to remove was also influenced
by stories of death and disease on the trail by
the Choctaws who were removed earlier
 Time after time, they petitioned the federal
government for help, but their pleas fell on deaf
ears.
 They learned that their only hope was to
emigrate
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The Creeks
In Washington, the delegation reluctantly signed
a treaty with provisions that the Creeks thought
would give them both time and protection.
 That they would have to remove to the Territory
was now certain, as they saw it.
 In return for ceding their lands to the United
States, the Creeks asked for a period of five years
to dispose of their Alabama lands in an orderly
fashion.
 In return, the government promised to rid the
Creek territory of the white intruders.
 Instead of ridding the territory of the white
intruders, the government did nothing.
 Whites poured into the area in even greater
numbers when they learned that the Creeks had
agreed to remove
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The Creeks
All kinds of schemes were used to defraud
the Creek land owners.
 State and federal governments had come
to the conclusion that the Creeks had to
go
 Creeks rebelled but Secretary of War Cass
ordered General Thomas Jessup to use the
federal army to suppress the rebellion and
remove them forthwith to the West.
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The Creeks
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Jessup’s army converged upon the forests and
swamps where thousands of terrified Creek
refugees had hidden.
1600 Creeks were captured.
The men were manacled and linked together
with chains and then marched westward.
Their women and children trailed behind.
Another 900 from an adjoining village were
herded along with them.
By mid-winter, 15,000 Creek exiles stretched
from border to border in Arkansas.
The Creeks
They lacked food, shelter, clothing, blankets, and
medicine. They were completely dispirited and
demoralized.
 The sick were left untended and the dead un
buried.
 Creek spokesmen begged for an advance of
promised federal annual payments to keep the
nation alive and unmolested.
 General Jessup offered to comply with the
request if Creek warriors would volunteer to
fight the Seminoles. Some 800 volunteered
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The Creeks
The warriors fought and many died, but the
federal troops did little or nothing as the
remaining Creeks were driven from their homes
and robbed of their horses, cattle, and food.
 Their boys and old men were confined to
compounds and their women assaulted.
 The federal troops finally moved them to a
concentration camp near Mobile Bay, where
hundreds died from malnutrition and epidemics.
 By the time the Creeks completed the removal
of their tribe to Indian Territory, 40 percent of
them had perished.
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The Seminoles
The Seminoles were the smallest and most
primitive of the Five Civilized Tribes.
 They lived in Florida and took advantage of the
hiding in the swamps to raid American settlers,
then go back into hiding in the swamps.
 The Seminoles farmed, but their chief means of
making a living was hunting and fishing.
 When Florida became a possession of the United
States, white settlers who had feared the warlike tribe urged removal.
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The Seminoles
The Seminoles agreed to send delegates to
Indian Territory to explore the area and to
see if the Creeks would be willing for them
to move into the Creek Nation.
 There the delegation unknowingly signed
a removal treaty with the United States
Government.
 These delegates later told that they
thought they were merely signing papers
relating to their explorations.
 Under the great Seminole warrior Osceola,
they retreated into the swamps, and the
war of the Seminole removal began.
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The Seminoles
Under General Jessup, captured Seminoles were
held in concentration camps until enough were
assembled to make up a contingent for removal.
 The wife of Osceola was captured and held
among other Seminole captives. Three Seminole
leaders — Osceola, Wild Cat, and Cloud — asked
for a conference under a flag of truce.
 The United States commander agreed to meet
under a truce but tricked them and violated the
truce and took them prisoner instead.
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Seminoles
Ross protested vigorously, but the general
refused to release them.
 Osceola died in prison, but the Seminoles
fought on until nearly 1,500 of them lost
their lives or were captured and removed.
 A few hundred moved into the most
remote areas of the swamps and were left
there. Descendants of those unconquered
bands still live in Florida.
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No Man’s Land
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The most lawless area of the region
was attached neither to the U.S. nor to
Indian Territory. It was No Mans Land,
which is now the panhandle of
Oklahoma
Left over after the Texas borders were
set no one noticed this orphaned area.
For many years the only people in No
Mans Land were travelers- traders
going to and from Santa Fe, Indians
following Buffalo herds, gold-seekers
on their way to the west coast, or
settlers on their way to Oregon.
There was little law in No Mans Land
for no state law reigned over it and
there was not immediate cause to
exercise federal law
It became a haven for outlaws.
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No Man’s Land
Chapter 8 Quiz
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1.) What percent of the Seminoles died
during their removal?
a.) 100%
b.) 40%
c.) Very few died
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2.) Describe the conditions in which the
Seminoles were removed.
a.) They were forcibly removed
b.) They were removed peacefully
c.) Their removal was the smoothest of all
the Native American removals
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3.) After the Seminoles were removed, who
were they originally controlled by?
a.) The Chickasaws
b.) The Choctaws
c.) The Creeks
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4.) Where were the Seminoles located before
their removal?
a.) Florida
b.) Tennessee
c.) Georgia
5.) Describe the Seminoles relationships with
their slaves.
a.) They were very close with their slaves in
comparison with other slave owners
b.) They treated their slaves very poor in
comparison to other slave owners
c.) They did not own slaves
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6.) What president demanded the Seminoles
be removed?
a.) Abraham Lincoln
b.) Andrew Jackson
c.) Thomas Jefferson
7.) Why did the Seminoles resent being
teamed up with the Creeks?
a.) Because the Creeks did not believe in
slavery
b.) Because the Creeks had already
assimilated into the European culture
c.) Because the Creeks had been part of slave
raids in Seminole camps
8.) Name one famous Seminole leader?
a.) Geronimo
b.) Cochise
c.) Osceola
9.) Name one thing the discovery of gold in
California did?
a.) It sped up the Western movement
b.) It let the Indians stay in the East because
so many settlers moved west to find gold
c.) It made the Native Americans rich
because they owned a lot of the land the gold
was found on.
10.) Where was no man’s land?
a.) On the Eastern border of the Louisiana
territory
b.) In Southeastern Oklahoma
c.) In the panhandle of Oklahoma
The Trail of Tears