Transcript Goal 6: The Emergence of the United States in World Affairs

(1890 – 1914)
 Goal 6 – Students will be able to analyze causes and effects
of the United States emergence as a world power.
 6.01 – Examine the factors that led to the United States taking
an increasingly active role in world affairs.
 6.02 – Identify the areas of the United States military,
economic, and political involvement and influence.
 6.03 – Describe how the policies and actions of the United
States government impacted the affairs of other countries.
For Today, We will
6.01 – Examine the factors that
led to the United States taking an
increasingly active role in world
affairs.
A. Economics and National Defense
Background/Introduction: Toward the end of the 19th
century (Late 1800’s), a growing number of people in the
US believed in Imperialism.
 Imperialism – The belief that a nation should expand
its borders and acquire overseas colonies/territories.
 Spheres of Influence – Territories or nations over
which another nation exercises control.
Imperialism
Imperialism
Reasons for Imperialism
 One of the main reasons for imperialism was
economic.
 Many business leaders and politicians believed that US
expansion was important because it would provide the
country with more economic markets and great
potential for economic growth.
 Mercantilism – Economic policy which holds that a
nation should acquire wealth by exporting more goods
than it imports.
Reasons for Imperialism
 There was also a growing sense among many that the
United States needed to expand (or at least be capable of
expansion) in order to remain secure.
 Alfred T. Mahan – Navy officer who wrote the book The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History. The book made a
convincing case for the United States to build the most
powerful navy if it ever hoped to be a world power and
protect its interests abroad.
 Just 10 years later, the United States had one of the most
powerful navies in the world.
B. National Spirit and “Destiny”
Background/Introduction: Many in the country felt that
it was the pioneer spirit of the early settlers that had
made the US great. With the West conquered, some
argued that the country needed to look abroad with a
new sense of adventure and purpose.
 Frederick Jackson Turner –
Famous US historian of the late
1800s. He believed that settling
the frontier had played a vital
role in forming the American
character. Now that the West
was “conquered” he believed it
was important to maintain the
national spirit and keep the
nation strong for the US to
expand.
 Some leaders still backed the idea of Manifest Destiny
and believed that overseas expansion posed the new
frontier.
 They saw it as the responsibility and destiny of whites in
the US to civilize and take democracy to the rest of the
world.
 Just as businessmen had appealed to Social Darwinism
to justify lassiez-faire capitalism, many of these
leaders also appealed to it to justify US imperialism.
 Since Spencer and Darwin had advocated “Survival of the
Fittest”, many whites in the US believed it was only natural
that the United States exercise control of the “less fit” and
“inferior” races and nations.
 Josiah Strong – A minister of the late 1800s. He believed in
“Anglo Saxon Superiority” and advocated that expansion
was both noble and the nation’s destiny.
 Anglo-Saxon Superiority – The idea that White, English
speaking people are biologically superior to other races of
people.
 The White’s Man Burden – Famous poem by British
writer Rudyard Kipling. Most considered it to be an
endorsement of the belief that it was the moral
obligation of white Westerners to “civilize” and “help
lesser people”.
6.01 Review Questions
1. What is mercantilism and why did its supporters want
to see the US engage in imperialism?
a. Mercantilism is the belief that a nation should conquer new
territories and establish colonies. Its supporters advocated
imperialism because imperialism would guarantee that the
US exported more than it imported.
b. Mercantilism is the belief that white society has an obligation
to civilize “lesser” peoples. Its supporters advocated
imperialism because they felt that the best way to accomplish
this was through conquest.
c. Mercantilism is the belief that a nation should build wealth
by exporting more than it imports. Its supporters advocated
imperialism because it would allow the US to acquire more
resources and become less dependent on foreign nations.
6.01 Review Questions
2. What was Frederick Jackson Turner’s
MAIN reason for encouraging imperialism?
a. He believed in mercantilism
b. He believed it was essential to maintain the
national spirit and keep the US strong.
c. He believed that the US had to have a strong
navy.
d. He believed it was the “white mans’ burden.
6.01 Review Questions
3. Between 1890 and the turn of the century,
the United States developed one of the most
formidable navies in the world. This was in
large part due to which of the following?
a. John Pershing
b. Franklin Roosevelt
c. Alfred T. Mahan
d. Josiah Strong
Assignment:
 Complete the Map Activity!
 Only label the areas on the map – we will answer the
questions later.
 Now that you know the reasons for Imperialism…
 “If you were the President, which countries would you
choose to takeover and why?”


Pick 2-3 countries (World map – page A5 in back of red book)
Discuss the importance and significance of each country in
your future plans as President.
 What led you to choose each country?
Today, We Will
 6.02 – Identify the areas the United
States developed military, economic,
political involvement and influence.
6.02 – Areas of US Involvement
A. Alaska
 William Seward – Secretary of State who negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.
 “Seward’s Folly” – Term applied to the US purchase of
Alaska by those who believed it to be a useless
purchase. It turned out to be a wise purchase due to
the rich natural resources and great economic
potential of the region.
B. Hawaii
Background/Introduction: Business leaders in the
United States had been investing in sugar plantations
in Hawaii for years. As time passed, these owners
gained economic control over the islands and
struggled for power with the Hawaiian monarchy.
 Queen Liliuokalani – Head of Hawaii during this time.
 In 1893, the wealthy white plantation owners rebelled
against the Queen, who opposed the increased control
of the owners.
 With the help of US troops from a nearby ship, the
plantation owners seized the islands and deposed of
the Queen.
 Annexation of Hawaii – Process of the US acquiring
Hawaii and making it an official US territory in 1893.
 Once Hawaii became a part of the US, a military base
was established to provide a refueling station for the
US Navy to watch Asia. This Naval Base is called Pearl
Harbor.
C. The Spanish-American War
Background/Introduction:
 Cuba was under Spanish rule
 In 1895, the Cuban people rebelled against Spain
 Spain sent 150,000 troops to restore order
 They put thousands of Cubans in concentration camps
 As news of this spread, the US was put under pressure
to intervene.
 The US had also been building up its military – and
this would be a perfect way to test its strenght.
 William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer –
Competing newspaper editors of the late 1800s who
engaged in “yellow journalism” and helped ignite the
emotions of the US public to support war with Spain
over Cuba.
 “You give me the pictures and I’ll furnish the War” –
Quote by Hearst; Shows how competitive and
exaggerated these newspapers could be.
 William Hearst
 Joseph Pulitzer
 Yellow Journalism – Journalism of the late 1800s that
often exaggerated facts about the sufferings of the
Cuban people under Spain, or printed stories that were
untrue for the sake of selling more papers.
 It played a major role in turning US public opinion in
favor of war with Spain
 Jingoism – Sentiment that called for a tougher stance
towards Spain and a more aggressive foreign policy.
 De Lome Letter – A letter stolen by a Cuban rebel from
the Spanish Ambassador (De Lome). In his letter, he
criticized McKinley as being weak and needy. This
letter was leaked to Newspapers and McKinley was
outraged!
 USS Maine – Ship sent by President McKinley to Cuba
to observe the actions of the Spanish government; in
reality the ship was placed there in case something
went terribly wrong or got worse. Spain knew this and
was upset.
 The USS Maine mysteriously exploded on Feb. 15, 1898.
 Its explosion was blamed on the Spanish – Yellow
Journalism helped fuel
 Congress declared War on Spain
 Theodore Roosevelt – At this time, he was the
Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He supported the idea
of war and resigned his position in Washington once
the war began to become Lt. Colonel in the armed
forces.
 Rough Riders – Band of Volunteers led by Roosevelt in
Cuba during the Spanish American War. They were
instrumental in the most famous victory of the war at
San Juan Hill.
 After the US declared war on Spain, the Us set their
sights on another Spanish Colony – The Philippines.
 US Commodore George Dewey – Leader of the US
fleet that was sent to conquer the Philippines.
 The Philippines – Island nation in the South Pacific
that was ruled by Spain and was conquered by US
Commodore George Dewey. As a result, the
Philippines became a US Territory.
 In three months, the US had defeated Spain in both
Cuba and the Philippines.
 “A Splendid Little War” – Quote from John Hay which
referred to the US conquest of the Philippines and
accurately captured what most US citizens felt towards
the Spanish-American War as a whole.
 Treaty of Paris – Treaty that officially ended the
Spanish-American War after 3 months of fighting.
 Teller Amendment – Amendment attached to
Congress’ war resolution, it promised that the US
would not annex Cuba (Cuba is Free).
 However, to protect US business interests, President
McKinley installed a US military government for three
years to restore stability. Then in 1900, when the
Cubans began drafting their own constitution, the
United States Continued to exercise its influence.
 Platt Amendment – An amendment which the US
insisted be included in the Cuban constitution. It put
limits on what the Cuban government could do, gave
the US two naval bases in Cuba, and allowed for US
intervention in the region whenever the US believed it
was necessary.
 Finally, as a result of the war, the US also acquired the
territories of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
The Philippines
Background/Introduction: Of the territories that were
involved in the Spanish American War, none caused
more controversy than the Philippines. US citizens
did not understand the reasons for occupying them.
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Filipino leader who launched a
resistance movement against any US occupation.
 Guerilla Warfare – Strategy in which a weaker
army/force often strikes quickly, inflicting damage,
then retreats before its stronger enemy can fully
retaliate. It is usually intended to frustrate and weaken
an enemy’s willingness to fight rather than overpower
and defeat in a head to head battle.
 The fighting lasted more than two years and resulted
in violent killings on both sides.
 The US forces finally captured Aguinaldo in 1901, and
in 1902, the Philippines became an unorganized
territory of the United States.
 In 1946, the Philippines officially became an
independent nation.
E. The Panama Canal
Background/Introduction: President McKinley was
assassinated in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt then became
the 26th President of the United States.
Theodore Roosevelt was very much an imperialist and
had played a major role in the Spanish-American War.
He wanted the US to become a World Power.
 In order to enable US ships to move more quickly
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Roosevelt
envisioned a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.
 This canal would serve the US military and economic
interests by allowing ships to travel between the US
territories in the Pacific (Philippines, Hawaii, and
Guam) and those in the Atlantic (Ports in Cuba and
Puerto Rico) without have to go around South
America.
 President Roosevelt wanted to purchase the land;
however, the Colombian government refused to sell
the land.
 Then in 1903, the Panamanian people revolted against
the Colombians. Roosevelt then provided US support,
which helped the Panamanians win their
independence.
 In return for the US help, the Panamanians allowed
the US to lease the land needed for the canal.
 Panama Canal – Manmade waterway across the
Isthmus of Panama that allowed US ships to move
more quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
F. Trouble with Mexico
Background/Introduction: At the same time the US
was trying to finish the Panama Canal, Civil War was
raging in Mexico.
 Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who led raids
into New Mexico and killed 19 People.
 In response, President Wilson sent a force of 15,000
troops under the leadership of General John Pershing
to capture and kill the Mexican rebel.
 Pershing’s troops went 300 miles into Mexican
territory in pursuit of Villa, nearly causing a war
between the US and Mexico.
 World War I eventually drew Wilson’s attention away
from the situation, and the US troops were recalled.
6.02 Review Questions
 What was yellow journalism and how did it help
lead to US involvement in Cuba?
 It was journalism aimed at covering the formation of an
independent Cuban government.
 It was journalism aimed at publishing editorials
condemning any plans the US might have to annex
Cuba.
 It was journalism aimed at accurately reporting
conditions in Cuba in order to education citizens.
 It was journalism designed to sell papers by exaggerating
the sufferings of the Cuban people under Spanish rule.
6.02 Review Questions
 Which of the following became a US territory as a
result of the Spanish-American War?
 Guam
 Hawaii
 Alaska
 Cuba
6.02 Review Questions
 What do “Seward’s Folly”, the annexation of
Hawaii, and yellow journalism all have in
common?
 They each played a major role in starting the Spanish
American War
 They were each initially inspired by economic interests
 They each led t the Us annexing island nations in the
Pacific Ocean.
6.02 Review Questions
 Which of the following would be LEAST likely to
agree with imperialism?
 Theodore Roosevelt
 Someone associated with jingoism
 Someone who reads Rudyard Kipling
 Queen Liliuokalani
Assignment
 Construct a Newspaper Cover Page about the USS
Explosion
 Need to Have:




Newspaper Title (TOP BOX) – 5 Points
Sensational Headline (Above Article) – 10 Points
Article:
 Four Paragraphs with at least four sentences
 Include 5 real facts, dates, etc…involved in the sinking of the
USS Maine.
 Exaggerate other facts (make it as exciting as possible)
 Use correct grammar and spelling
Visual Depiction (Bottom Box) with Caption – 25 points
Today, We Will
6.03 – Describe how the policies and
actions of the United States
government impacted the affairs of
other countries.
A. The Western Hemisphere
Background/Introduction: By the 1900s, the United
States was becoming a major player in world affairs.
 Roosevelt Corollary – Statement issued by President
Theodore Roosevelt which expanded upon the Monroe
Doctrine. It state that the US had the right to
intervene in the affairs of nations in the Western
Hemisphere if a nation was having trouble paying its
debts. This policy led to increased US involvement in
the Caribbean and Latin America.
 Big Stick Diplomacy – Policy implemented by
President Roosevelt. Its name came from a West
African Proverb which said “Speak softly and carry a
big stick; you will go far”. It meant that the US did not
intend to be a threatening presence in the region, but
neither would it hesitate to forcefully protect its own
interests.
 Following Roosevelt, President William Taft came into
office.
 Dollar Diplomacy – Policy implemented by President
Taft who wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets.” It
was a policy by which the US sought to maintain order
abroad by increasing US investments in foreign
nations. The policy sometimes meant huge losses for
the Us businessmen and created enemies among some
Latin Americans who resented the US trying to “buy”
influence in the region.
 In 1913,m President Woodrow Wilson succeeded Taft
and renounced dollar diplomacy.
 Missionary Diplomacy – Policy implemented by
President Woodrow Wilson. It was based on the belief
that the US had a moral obligation to ensure
democracy flourished in Latin American and the
Caribbean.
B. The Pacific and Southeast Asia
Background/Introduction: Following the War with
Spain, the US possessed territories that spanned the
Pacific Ocean. In addition to protecting these areas,
trade with China became a major concern entering the
20th century (1900s).
 Fearing that European imperial powers would try to
gain control over Chinese exports and markets, the
United States insisted to an Open Door Policy with
China.
 Open Door Policy – Policy in which China would be
open trade with a number of foreign markets
(including the US) rather than closed to all but a few
imperial powers.
 Some Chinese nationalists, however, wanted to bring
an end to foreign influence in China.
 Boxer Rebellion – Rebellion led by Chinese
nationalists determined to force foreign influence out
of the country. These “Boxers” killed 300 foreigners
and Chinese Christians. The rebellion failed when the
US and other imperial powers sent troops to put it
down.
6.03 Review Questions

“Speak softly and carry a big stick…” is associated
with the foreign policy of which US president?




Theodore Roosevelt
William Taft
Woodrow Wilson
William McKinley
6.03 Review Question
 What did Wilson hope to see flourish as a result of his
missionary diplomacy?
 US business interests in Haiti
 Federal protection of citizens in New Mexico
 Democracy in the Western Hemisphere
 US investments in Latin America.