Transcript Traffic Calming Programs & Emergency Response

Immigration in America
Case studies from USA
Introduction
 Immigration to the United States is a complex
demographic phenomenon that has been a major source of
population growth and cultural change throughout much
of the history of the United States.
 The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration
have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic
benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns,
impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting
behavior
 In 2006 the United States accepted more legal immigrants
as permanent residents than all other countries in the
world combined.
 After ethnic quotas on immigration were removed in 1965,
the number of actual (first-generation) immigrants living in
the United States eventually quadrupled, from 9.6 million
in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.
 The key to the uniquely successful story of American
immigration is its deliberate and self-confident policy of
patriotic assimilation:
 America welcomes newcomers while insisting that they
learn and embrace its civic culture and political
institutions, thereby forming one nation from many
peoples—e pluribus unum.
 While there are differences of opinion about the
number of immigrants the nation should accept and
the process by which they should become citizens,
there has always been widespread, bipartisan
agreement that those who come here should become
Americans.
Look at US Immigration at DESTINATION AMERICA
at the following address
 http://www.pbs.org/destinationamerica/usim.html
American immigration history can be viewed in four
epochs:
1. The colonial period,
2. The mid-nineteenth century,
3. The turn of the twentieth century,
4. Post-1965.
Each period brought distinct national groups, races and
ethnicities to the United States.
1. COLONIAL PERIOD
 Period dominated by European immigrants to Colonial America
during the 17th and 18th centuries.
 The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern
Europe; the early twentieth-century mainly from Southern and
Eastern Europe; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia.
 The 1790 Act limited naturalization to "free white persons"; it was
expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in the 1950s. In
the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than
8,000 people a year, including French refugees from the slave
revolt in Haiti.
GERMAN MIGRATION TO USA
2. THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY
After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1836 to 1914, over
30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. The death rate
on these transatlantic voyages was high, during which one in seven
travelers died. In 1875, the nation passed its first immigration law, the
Page Act of 1875.
3. THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
 This period witnessed the peak of European immigration
to the USA
 By 1910, 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United
States.
 In 1921, the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act,
followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 aimed at further
restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially
Jews, Italians, and Slavs, who had begun to enter the
country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s.
 During this period most of the European refugees fleeing
the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to
the United States.
 Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the
Great Depression, which hit the U.S. hard and lasted over
ten years there and this period witnessed more people
emigrating from the United States
 The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation
program which was intended to encourage people to
voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported
against their will.
4. POST-1965.
 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the
Hart-Cellar Act, abolished the system of national-origin quotas.
By equalizing immigration policies, the act resulted in new
immigration from non-European nations, which changed the
ethnic make up of the US.
 Immigration doubled between 1965 and 1970, and again between
1970 and 1990. In 1990, George H. W. Bush signed the
Immigration Act of 1990, which increased legal immigration to
the United States by 40%.
 Appointed by Bill Clinton, the U.S. Commission on
Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal
immigration from about 800,000 people per year to
approximately 550,000.
 An analysis of census data found that nearly eight million
immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2005,
more than in any other five-year period in the nation's
history; 3.7 million of them entered illegally.
 Since 1986 Congress has passed seven amnesties for illegal
immigrants. In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed
immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million illegal
immigrants in the country.
 Hispanic immigrants were among the first victims of the late2000s recession, but since the recession's end in June 2009,
immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs and over 1
million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011.
MEXICAN MIGRATION TO USA
 The Bracero Program (1943-1964)
 From the Spanish “Brazos” meaning people working with
their arms.
 The Mexico-US migration pattern is a rather recent one
(mid 20th century) and it started during WW II (1943).
 The program allows Mexican farm workers to work
temporarily on farms in Texas, California, and the
Southwest USA to make up for the labor shortage caused
by the war (the USA had over 11 million people in
uniform).
 The program worked well and helped both countries and
through this, about 5 million Mexican immigrants entered the
US.
 When the program was discontinued in 1964, the migratory
flow didn't stop and it continues today in both legal and illegal
forms.
 Vast numbers of undocumented aliens, many of whom come
simply to work with no intention of staying permanently.
 They return home regularly, especially during winter (low
agricultural season).
 Stricter border controls have made illegal immigrants less likely
to return to Mexico once they have reached the US.
Refugee migration to USA
 Cubans
 In 1959 forces led by Castro overthrew a repressive USsupported regime and this forced more than 500,000, to
ask for asylum in USA …… mostly in southern Florida
with smaller numbers elsewhere.
 Opposition policy of the US towards to the Castro
regime.
 Some were granted refugee recognition so long as they
did not have a criminal record.
 Nicaraguans
 Many hundreds of thousands, with at least 200,000
coming to the US while others moved to neighboring
countries in Central America, notably Honduras and
Costa Rica.
 The US opposed the Sandinista Government (1970-70)
in Nicaragua and those fleeing the regime were
granted refugee/asylum status in USA
 Haitians
 Fleeing harsh living conditions and political turmoil.
 Peruvians fleeing the repressive regime
 Salvadorans
At least one-half million, with many estimates ranging up
toward the one million mark.
 The largest number are now in the USA, but Honduras,
Mexico, Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and
Belize have also been destinations.
 Look at Ugandan Immigration to the USA at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_American
 You can also look at African migration to the US at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_Un
ited_States

Immigration to the United States, 1820-2002
Southeast
Europe
Germany
Scandinavia
British
Isles
Latin America
Asia

Family reunification accounts for approximately two-thirds of legal
immigration to the US every year. The number of foreign nationals
who became legal permanent residents (LPRs) of the U.S. in 2009 as a
result of family reunification (66%) exceeded those who became LPRs
on the basis of employment skills (13%) and for humanitarian reasons
(17%).

Contemporary immigrants settle predominantly in seven states,
California, New York, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
Illinois, comprising about 44% of the U.S. population as a whole.

The combined total immigrant population of these seven states is 70%
of the total foreign-born population as of 2000. If current birth rate
and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 70 to 80
years, the U.S. population would double to nearly 600 million
Look at detailed information for each state at
http://www.globalcomputing.com/states.html
How does the previous map compare with one above? Do immigrants
move to states with the highest median income?
The top twelve emigrant countries in 2006 were:
 Mexico (173,753), People's Republic of China (87,345),
Philippines (74,607), India (61,369), Cuba (45,614), Colombia
(43,151), Dominican Republic (38,069), El Salvador (31,783),
Vietnam (30,695), Jamaica (24,976), South Korea (24,386),
Guatemala (24,146).
 Other countries comprise an additional 606,370. In fiscal
year 2006, 202 refugees from Iraq were allowed to resettle
in the United States
US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Diversity Visa Program: DV-2014 Entry Instructions … visit
the following address
 http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/types/types_1322.h
tml
Note that:
 Online registration for the DV-2012 program started on
October 2 and ends on November 3, 2012 for the 2014
Entry into the United States
Follow these links
 http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/u-s-migration-flows/
 Explore REGIONS, STATES, MAGNET AND STICKY
STATES
 http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthyinteractive-counties-map.html
 Examine the implications of the Great Depression of the 1930s
and Economic Recession of 2008-2009 on immigration patterns in
and out of the United States of America.
 Using specific examples from any country in America, how far
would you agree that Immigration is the key to innovation in the
region?
Go to http://www.economicadventure.org/exhibits/nbss/maps/ancestry/ancestry.cfm
Mouse over a region to learn more about ancestry in the Midwest/North, New England,
West/Southwest, and the South regions.
Follow the link to see the ‘changing face of America’
1. http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentati
onsandactivities/presentations/immigration/nonflash.html
Using specific examples, how far would you agree that
immigration is the key to the prosperity of America and its
secret innovation weapon?
Read the article here:
http://gigaom.com/2009/07/04/americas-secret-innovationweapon-immigration/
American: The Land of opportunity


The ‘grass is greener’ mindset drives millions annually away from
their homes toward foreign developed countries, in search of a better
life. America is especially targeted by these sometimes desperate
people, who resort to illegal entry, blinded by the allure of a better
tomorrow.
By the very nature of the principles upon which it was founded, the
United States—more than any other nation in history—beckons to
its shores the downtrodden, the persecuted, and all those “yearning
to breathe free.” It embraces those who come to this country
honestly, armed with their work ethic, in search of the promises and
opportunities of the American Dream. Why does America welcome
immigrants?
 The overwhelming result of this policy of assimilation,
throughout American history, has been a strengthening of
our social capital, the continuing expansion of our
economy, and the constant renewal of our national
purpose. America has been good for immigrants, and
immigrants have been good for America.
 Individuals have a right to emigrate from their homeland
but they do not have the right to immigrate to this
country without the consent of the American people as
expressed through the laws of the United States.
 When the American people welcome an immigrant,
naturalization in America works differently than it does in
other countries. “Naturalization - is the legal process by
which immigrants become equal citizens as if by nature.
 A foreigner can immigrate to France or Japan but never
become truly French or Japanese. But a foreigner of any
ethnic heritage or racial background can immigrate to the
United States and become, in every sense of the term, an
American.
 This transformation is possible in America because of the
openness to diverse backgrounds and differences of
opinion—including religious opinions

The Founders expected that the best immigrants would add to
the moral capital of the growing country, bringing with them
the attributes necessary for the workings of free government.
America promised advantages to those “who are determined
to be sober, industrious and virtuous members of Society,”

The fundamental principle on immigration should strive “to
enable aliens to get rid of foreign and acquire American
attachments; to learn the principles and imbibe the spirit of
our government; and to admit of a philosophy at least, of their
feeling a real interest in our affairs.”
THE AMERICAN DREAM
 The American Dream is the belief that through hard work
and determination, any United States immigrant can achieve
a better life, usually in terms of financial prosperity and
enhanced personal freedom of choice.
 According to historians, the rapid economic and industrial
expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a
resource rich, hard working, and inventive country, but the
belief that anybody could get a share of the country's wealth
if he or she was willing to work hard. This dream has been a
major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States.
 The American Dream is a national ethos of the US; a set of ideals
in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and
success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard
work.
 James Truslow Adams in 1931, wrote "life should be better and
richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according
to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or
circumstances of birth.
 The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the US Declaration
of Independence which proclaims that “all men are created equal”
and that they are “endowed by their Creator with certain
inalienable Rights" including “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness.”
 It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages only, but a
dream of social order in which each man and each woman
shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they
are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what
they are, regardless of the circumstances of birth or
position.
 The American dream, that has lured tens of millions of all
nations to USA not barely because of a dream of merely
material plenty, though that has doubtlessly counted
heavily.
1. Ownby (1999) identifies four American Dreams that the
new consumer culture addressed:
 The first was the “Dream of Abundance" offering an
abundance of material goods to all Americans, making
them proud to be the richest society on earth.
 The second was the “Dream of a Democracy of Goods"
whereby everyone had access to the same products
regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, or class, thereby
challenging the aristocratic norms of the rest of the
world whereby only the rich or well-connected are
granted access to luxury.
 The “Dream of Freedom of Choice" with its ever expanding
variety of good allowed people to fashion their own
particular lifestyle.
 Finally, the “Dream of Novelty", in which ever-changing
fashions, new models, and unexpected new products
broadened the consumer experience in terms of purchasing
skills and awareness of the market, and challenged the
conservatism of traditional society and culture, and even
politics.
 Ownby acknowledges that the dreams of the new consumer
culture radiated out from the major cities, but notes that they
quickly penetrated the most rural and most isolated areas.
 In the United States, home ownership is sometimes used as a
proxy for achieving the promised prosperity; ownership has been
a status symbol separating the middle classes from the poor.
 Sometimes the Dream is identified with success in sports or how
working class immigrants seek to join the American way of life.
 According to the dream, this includes the opportunity for one's
children to grow up and receive a good education and career
without artificial barriers. It is the opportunity to make individual
choices without the prior restrictions that limited people
according to their class, caste, religion, race, or ethnicity.
 The American Dream includes the dream of being able to
grow to fullest development as man and woman, unhampered
by the barriers which had slowly been erected in the older
civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had
developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the simple
human being of any and every class.
 Most people define the American dream as owning their own
home and having the mobility to get where they want to go,
when they want to go there.
In America
We want to go. . . . . .
. . . Where we want
. . . When we want
. . . With whom we want
That is the American Dream
 An illegal immigrant in the United States is a (non-citizen)
who has entered the United States without government
permission and in violation of United States Nationality
Law, or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa, also
in violation of the law.
 Illegal immigrants continue to outpace the number of legal
immigrants—a trend that's held steady since the 1990s.
While the majority of illegal immigrants continue to
concentrate in places with existing large Hispanic
communities, increasingly illegal immigrants are settling
throughout the rest of the country
Illegal immigration
People can be termed illegal immigrants in one of three ways:
1. By entering without authorization or inspection,
2. By staying beyond the authorized period after legal entry, or
3. By violating the terms of legal entry. Their mode of violation
breaks down as follows: If the suspect entered legally
without inspection, then the suspect would be classified as
either a "Non-Immigrant Visa Overstayer” or a "Border
Crossing Card Violator” If the suspect entered illegally
without inspection, then the suspect would be classified as
having "Evaded the Immigration Inspectors and Border
Patrol
Country of origin
Raw number
Percent of total
Mexico
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Philippines
India
Korea
Ecuador
Brazil
China
Other
6,650,000
530,000
480,000
320,000
270,000
200,000
200,000
170,000
150,000
120,000
1,650,000
62%
5%
4%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
15%
Percent
change 2000
to 2009
+42%
+25%
+65%
+95%
+33%
+64%
+14%
+55%
+49%
-37%
-17%
 A common means of border crossing is to hire
professionals who smuggle illegal immigrants across the
border for pay. Those operating on the US-Mexico border
are known informally as "coyotes“
 A tourist or traveler is considered a "visa overstay" once
he or she remains in the United States after the time of
admission has expired. The time of admission varies greatly
from traveler to traveler depending on what visa class into
which they were admitted. Visa overstays tend to be
somewhat more educated and better off financially than
those who entered the country illegally
 The continuing practice of hiring unauthorized workers
has been referred to as “the magnet for illegal
immigration.” As a significant percentage of employers
are willing to hire illegal immigrants for higher pay than
they would typically receive in their former country,
illegal immigrants have prime motivation to cross borders.
 Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas
populated by people with similar backgrounds. This
phenomenon has held true throughout the history of
immigration to the United States.
 The “immigration issue” is everywhere and certainly
provokes strong emotions – it can be polarizing and
complex.
 In a late 1980s study, economists overwhelmingly viewed
immigration, including illegal immigration, as a positive for
the economy.
 For example, immigrants were involved in the founding of
many prominent American high-tech companies, such as
Google, Yahoo, Sun Microsystems, and eBay.
 Look
at
famous
U.S.
immigrants
at
http://www.biography.com/people/groups/immigration/usimmigrant/all