Transcript Chapter 21 section 1 - Matanuska

CHAPTER 21
SECTION 1
Maddie Fisher
Asa Walling
Olivia Gaylor
Shalisa Stubbs
Pearl Harbor- the Japanese attacked pearl harbor in Hawaii
which brought the United States into World War 2.
Fighting Two Fronts- fighting two fronts worried president
Roosevelt. However Churchill knew that victory in modern
war depended on the industrial power.
Churchill was right.
The industrial output of the United States astonishing
-American workers were twice as productive as German
workers and five times more productive than Japanese
workers.
American production turned the tide in favor of the Allies
The committee is formed- Roosevelt believed that
government and business had to work together to prepare
for war.
He created the
National Defense Advisory: a committee to
help mobilize the economy and asked several business
leaders to serve on the committee.
Cost-Plus Contracts- to quickly get companies to switch to
war production they started signing cost-plus contracts.
Cost-Plus Contracts: government agreed to pay
a company what ever is would cost to make a product plus
a guaranteed percentage of costs as profit.
To convince more companies to convert to war production,
congress gave a new authority to the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC). That government agency set up during
the depression, could make loans to companies wanting to
convert their factories o war production.
American Industry Gets the Job Done
The great depression was ending, demand was up,
and sales were rising.
-by 1941 much had already been done to prepare the economy for war,
but only partially
-many companies were producing military equipment, most preferred
commercial goods however
-the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor changed everything
Tanks Replace Cars
The automobile industry was uniquely suited to the
mass production of military equipment
-mass production of jeeps, trucks, and tanks
Mass production was critical in modern warfare
because the country that could move troops and supplies
most quickly usually won the battle.
-automobile industry also built artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon
bridges, and dozens of other pieces of military equipment
-Henry Ford created an assembly line for the enormous B-24 bomber
known as the “liberator’’
Interesting fact!
Over all the auto industry produced nearly 1/3 of all military
equipment
Building the Liberty Ships
-Henry Kaiser's shipyards more than matched Ford’s remarkable
achievement
-World War two started and Kaiser switched from construction to
shipbuilding
-German submarines were sinking American cargo ships at a terrifying
rate/ United States had to find a way to build cargo ships as quickly as
possible
Kaiser believed that sped was more important than quality, and that
cost was less important than results
-To be more efficient and get the job done quickly he applied
construction techniques to shipbuilding
-Instead of building an entire ship from keel up, they were prefabricated
and brought to the shipyards
Best known for our Liberty Ships- basic cargo ship
Interesting facts!
It took 244 days to build the first liberty ship, which dropped to
41 days per ship
Kaiser built 30% of all American ships
The War Production Board
-many converted businesses owners soon became frustrated with the
mobilization process
-Government agencies argued constantly about who had priority
-After Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt tried to improve the system by
creating the
War Production Board (WPB)- authority to set priorities and
production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and
supplies.
-Immediately the WPB clashed with the military
-Military agencies continued to sign contracts with out consulting with the
WPB
1943 Roosevelt established the Office of War Mobilization
(OWM)- to settle arguments among the different agencies
Building an Army
-Within days of Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939, President Roosevelt
expanded the army to 227,000 soldiers
-Before the spring of 1940, college students, unions, isolationists, and most
members of congress had opposed a peacetime draft
-two members of congress introduced the selective service and training
act, a plan for the first peacetime draft in American History
September of 1940, congress approved the first draft in
American history
Draft- to select a person t random for mandatory military
service
-More than 60,000 men enlisted in the military, the month after Pearl
Harbor was attacked
-Many recruits had to live in tents rather than barracks
-The army also experienced equipment shortages, troops
carried sticks that represented guns, threw stones simulating
grenades, and practiced maneuvers with trucks labeled
“Tank”
-New recruits were initially sent to a reception center where
they were given physical examinations and injections against
small pox and typhoid
-The draftees were then issued uniforms, boots, an what ever
equipment as available
-The clothing bore the label “G.I” meaning “Government Issue”
which is why American soldiers were called GI’s
-After taking aptitude test, recruits went to basic training for 8
weeks, they learned how to handle weapons, load
backpacks, and read maps, pitch tents and dig trenches
A Segregated Army
At the start of the war, the U.S military was segregated
-White recruits did not train along side African Americans
-African Americans had separate barracks, latrines, mess halls,
and recreational facilities
-Once trained African Americans were organized into their
own units. But white officers generally construction and
supply units
African Americans did not go into combat
-African American soldiers described them as being
disenfranchised, spat upon, and shut out and asked, “what
more could Hitler do to us?”
Pushing for Double “V”
-in 1941 the National Urban League asked it members to
encourage African Americans to join the war effort. They
also asked them to make plans for building a better
society in the U.S. after the war.
-The double “V” campaign urged African Americans to
support the war, and achieve a double victory over both
racism in the united states and in Europe with Hitler's
racism.
African Americans in Combat
-eventually President Roosevelt ordered army, airforce, navy,
and marines to recruit African Americans and to put them
into combat
-The highest ranking African American officer to rank of
brigadier general was Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.
-Tuskee Airmen were the first African American unit, also
known as the 99th pursuit squadron
-They won the battle of Anzio in Italy
-Commander of the squadron was Colonel Benjamin O.
Davis, Jr. General Davis’s son
-African Americans also performed we in the army
-The all African American 761st tank battalion was
summoned for its service during the Battle of the Bulge
-Although the military did not end all segregation during the
war, it did integrate military based in 1943 and steadily
expanded the role of African American with in the armed
forces
-These success packed the way for president Truman's
decision to fully integrate the military in 1948
Other Minorities in Combat
-Japanese Americans were not allowed to serve in the
military at first
-However second generation Japanese American served in
the 100th infantry battalion and the 442nd regiment
combat
-Most minorities were allowed only in noncombat positions,
such as kitchen workers
-Native Americans who were regarded as fierce warriors
were an exception
-One third of healthy native Americans served during the
war
Woman Joined the Armed Forces
-The army enlisted women for the first time, although they
were barred from combat
-Many jobs in the army were administrative and clerical
-Assigning woman to these jobs made more than available
for combat
Congress first allowed women in the military in may
1942
Congress also established the Woman’s Army Auxiliary
Corps (WAAC)
The army Replaced the (WAAC) with the Woman’s Army
Corps (WAC)
-Woman also made plane delivery for the army known as
Woman Air force Service Pilots
-the coast guard, the navy, and marines quickly followed the
army and set up their own women's units
-Another 68,000 woman served as nurses in the army and
navy
1) A committee to help mobilize the economy and
asked several business leaders to serve on the
committee.
A: National Defense Advisory
B: Cost-Plus Contracts
C: Reconstruction Finance Corporation
2) ______ _______was critical in modern warfare
because the country that could move troops and
supplies most quickly usually won the battle.
A: African Americans
B: Mass Production
C: War Production
3) The __________ industry was uniquely suited to the
mass production of military equipment
A: Auto Mobile
B: Mechanics
C: Medical
4) __________________ had the authority to set
priorities and production goals and to control the
distribution of raw materials and supplies.
A: The double “V” campaign
B: Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
C: War Production Board (WPB)
5) 1943 Roosevelt established the
______________________to settle arguments among the
different agencies
A: Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
B: War Production Board (WPB)
C: The double “V” campaign
6) September of 1940, congress approved the first
____ in American history
______- to select a person at random for
mandatory military service
A: Disenfranchised
B: Cost-plus
C: Draft
True or False
7) African Americans went into combat
8) Congress first allowed women in the military in may of
A: 1942
B: 1939
C: 1943
9) Congress also established the __________________
A: War Production Board (WPB)
B: Woman’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC)
C: The double “V” campaign
True or False
10) At the start of the war, the U.S military was
segregated